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NAS > Organisation of the Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Organisation of the Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effector organs of the ANS?

A

Smooth Muscle
Secretory Glands
Cardiac Muscle

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2
Q

How many neurones comprise the general pathway of the ANS?

A

2:
One in the CNS (preganglionic)
One in the PNS.
(post-ganglionic)

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3
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released between preganglionic and postganglionic neurones in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Which receptor is found at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurones in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

A

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

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5
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released between postganglionic neurones and effector organs in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released between postganglionic neurones and effector organs in the sympathetic NS?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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7
Q

Which receptor is found between postganglionic neurones and effector organs in the sympathetic NS?

A

α or β Adrenoceptors

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8
Q

Which receptor is found between postganglionic neurones and effector organs in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Muscarinic Receptors

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9
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

In the walls of the effector organs or near branches of CNV

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10
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia found?

A

Paravertebral ganglia - Sympathetic trunk

Prevertebral ganglia - Between paravertebral ganglia & target organ. Splanchnic nerves synapse here.

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11
Q

What type of innervation do sweat glands receive? Sympathetic, parasympathetic or both?

A

Sympathetic only

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12
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres originate from?

A

Cranio-sacral sources:
CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10
S2, S3, S4

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13
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres originate from?

A

Thoraco-lumbar sources:

T1-L2/3

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14
Q

Where are pre-ganglionic fibres found in the parasympathetic nervous system? (Don’t confuse with origin)

A

Either within branches of the vagus nerve or as part of spinal segmental nerves originating from S2-S4.

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15
Q

Where are the somata that constitute the origin of parasympathetic outflow to the head?

A

Within the brainstem.

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16
Q

How do axons of pre-ganglionic neurones that constitute parasympathetic outflow to the head travel to their targets?

A

By hijacking cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10.

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17
Q

How many different ganglia can parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones in the head synapse/terminate on?

A

4

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18
Q

Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons travelling as part of CN3 terminate?

A

In the ciliary ganglion.

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19
Q

Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons travelling as part of CN7 terminate?

A

In the pterygopalatine ganglion or submandibular ganglion.

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20
Q

Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons travelling as part of CN9 terminate?

A

In the otic ganglion.

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21
Q

The ganglia at which parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons terminate lie in association with branches of which cranial nerve?

A

CNV (trigeminal nerve)

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22
Q

Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons travelling as part of CN10 terminate?

A

Pre-ganglionic axons from CN10 do not terminate in discrete parasympathetic ganglia.

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23
Q

What are the names of the 4 pre-ganglionic nuclei?

A

Edinger-Westphal
Superior Salivatory
Inferior Salivatory
Dorsal Vagal Motor Nucleus

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24
Q

Axons from which pre-ganglionic nucleus hijacks CN3?

A

Edinger-Westphal

25
Q

Axons from which pre-ganglionic nucleus hijacks CN7?

A

Superior Salivatory

26
Q

Axons from which pre-ganglionic nucleus hijacks CN9?

A

Inferior Salivatory

27
Q

Axons from which pre-ganglionic nucleus hijacks CN10?

A

Dorsal Vagal Motor Nucleus

28
Q

Parasympathetic outflow to which organs originate from the edinger-westphal nucleus?

A

Eye

29
Q

Parasympathetic outflow to which organs originate from the superior salivatory nucleus?

A

Nasal Gland
Lacrimal Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland

30
Q

Parasympathetic outflow to which organs originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus?

A

Parotid Gland

31
Q

Parasympathetic outflow to which organs originate from the dorsal vagal motor nucleus?

A

Wide distribution.

32
Q

Which action(s) arise from parasympathetic outflow from the edinger-westphal nucleus?

A

Pupillary constriction

33
Q

Which action(s) arise from parasympathetic outflow from the superior salivatory nucleus?

A

Serous secretions

34
Q

Which action(s) arise from parasympathetic outflow from the inferior salivatory nucleus?

A

Serous secretions

35
Q

Which action(s) arise from parasympathetic outflow from the dorsal vagal motor nucleus?

A

Laryngeal function and actions in the rest of the body’s viscera

36
Q

What is the length of sympathetic preganglionic fibres relative to parasympathetic preganglionic fibres?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic fibres tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibres.

37
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, are all preganglionic fibres myelinated? What about postganglionic fibres?

A

In the autonomic nervous system:
All preganglionic fibres are myelinated.
All postganglionic fibres are unmyelinated.

38
Q

What are the 3 possible modes of termination for sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons?

A

1- May synapse in chain at same level of origin (paravertebral nerves).
2- May synapse in chain at a different level to origin
3- May not synapse in paravertebral chain (splanchnic nerves).

39
Q

What are rami communicantes?

A

White rami communicantes carry preganglionic sympathetic axons of T1-L2/3 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk.

Gray rami communicantes carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to effector organs.

40
Q

What is the difference between grey and white rami?

A

White are myelinated, grey are not.

41
Q

What are the two divisions of sympathetic ganglia?

A

Paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia.

42
Q

What is the paravertebral chain?

A

A chain of sympathetic ganglia that lie alongside the vertebral column bilaterally, extending from the base of the skull to the coccyx.

43
Q

What are prevertebral ganglia?

A

Ganglia at which sympathetic pre-ganglionic nerve fibres synapse with their post-ganglionic counterparts.

Nerves that synapse here innervate pelvic viscera.

These ganglia are proximal to their target organs.

44
Q

CHECKWhich 3 ganglia of the prevertebral chain supply the head and neck with its sympathetic supply?

A

CHECKSuperior Cervical Ganglion
Middle Cervical Ganglion
Inferior Cervical Ganglion

45
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A

A bundle of nerve fibres that allows nerve fibres to travel to spinal nerves that are superior and inferior to the level in which they originate.

46
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic fibres that supply the head and neck originate?

A

T1-T2

47
Q

Where is the superior cervical ganglion located?

A

Anterior to vertebrae C1, C2, C3 and C4.

48
Q

Where is the middle cervical ganglion located?

A

Anterior to C6 (but small and often absent).

49
Q

Where is the inferior cervical ganglion located?

A

Anterior to C7.

50
Q

The inferior cervical ganglion sometimes fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form what?

A

The cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion.

51
Q

How do sympathetic post-ganglionic fibres reach their targets in the head and neck?

A

By hitch-hiking the arterial system of the head and neck via walls of the common, external and internal carotids.

52
Q

Which arteries does the superior cervical ganglion give branches to?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries.

53
Q

Which artery does the middle cervical ganglion give branches to?

A

Inferior thyroid artery.

54
Q

Which arteries does the inferior cervical ganglion give branches to?

A

Subclavian and vertebral arteries.

55
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic axons often mingle with (but do not synapse with) in autonomic plexuses?

A

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons

56
Q

How do the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system compare to that of the sympathetic nervous system in terms of degree of localisation?

A

Parasympathetic effects are more discrete and localised than sympathetic effects.

57
Q

Where is the integration and command centre for autonomic functions?

A

In the hypothalamus.

58
Q

What does the abdominal aortic plexus consist of?

A

The coeliac plexus

The superior mesenteric plexus

The inferior mesenteric plexus

NAS (16 decks)

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