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Biology OPHS > Organisation of living things > Flashcards

Organisation of living things Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order of organisation of living things?

A

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Unicellualr organisms?

A
  • Only made up of one cell
  • Can be prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
  • Short lifespan and one cell does everything.
  • E.g. Bacteria, yeast, protozoa.
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3
Q

What are colonial organisms?

A

A special form of multicellular organism that is made up of a colony of identical single celled organisms. All individual cells are able to carry out every function nessacessary for survival. These cells are only Eukaryotic. e.g. jellyfish, coral, volvox

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4
Q

What are the two types of Cononial organisms?

A

Faculative- Can survive alone but come together to increase chances of survival. Bees, volvox
Obligated- Made up individuals that carry ot secific functions and are dependent on each other for survival. e.g. coral, sea jellies, blue bottles.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of multicellular organisms.

A
  • Made up of different types of cells
  • Contain specialized cells which have various roles and specific functions
  • Cells cannot survive by themselves.
    -macroscopic
    Long lifespan
    e.g. plants and animals.
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6
Q

What characteristics does an organism have to have to be categorized as Multicellular?

A

Multiple specialized cells
- Same DNA in each cell
- Must be connected and cooperate and a single organism
- Be dependent on each other for survival

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7
Q

What are the 6 levels of organisation?

A

Organelles > Specialised cells > tissues > Organs > Systems > Organism

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8
Q

What are specialised cells in Plants?

A

Root hair cells- Absorb and transport water
Leaf Palisade Cells- Absorb light for photosynthesis
Leaf Guard Cells- Open and close to regulate gas exchange.

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9
Q

What are examples of specialised cells in Animals?

A

Muscle Cells- Assis in movement
Red Blood Cells- Transport oxygen and nutrients
Neurons (nerve cells)- transmit nerve signals to/from the brain.

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10
Q

Define Tissues

A

A group of Specialised cells working together to carry out a specific function. In some organisms this level is enough to carry out all life process and in others they for organs.

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11
Q

What are the four main types of tissues in Animals?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
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12
Q

What is Epithelial tissue?

A

A tissue that covers body surfaces, protects organs and forms glands. The cells cover the surfaces and lining of the body cavities. It acts as a protective layer and a barrier against infection

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13
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

A tissue which supports, connects and protects other tissue and is very diverse including tissues like ligamnets, tendons, bone, fat (adipose) and blood.

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14
Q

What is nerve tissues?

A

Tissue consistig of highly Specialised cells called neurons, which sense stimuli and transmit signals. It is essential for communication and coordination in complex multicellular animals.

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15
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Specialised cells designed for contraction/movement and support, It allows the conversion of chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy for movement.

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16
Q

What are the four main plant tissues?

A
  • Meristermatic
  • Vasular
  • Dermal
  • Ground
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17
Q

Where is Meristermatic tissue found?

A

At the tips of the roots and shoot. It is the site of cell division to produce new growth.

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18
Q

Where is vascular tissue found?

A

In roots, stems and leaves (Xylem and Phloem). It is responsible for transport of substances around plant.

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19
Q

What does dermal tissue do?

A

It protects the plants and controls interactions with its surroundings.
It covers the outer surface of the stem and leaves.

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20
Q

What is ground tissue in plants?

A

It contains a variety of cell types which have varied roles including photosynthesis and storing food. It makes up the rest of the internal plant.

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21
Q

What are organs?

A

two or more tissues that work together to perform one or more specific tasks. Usually recognisable as a distinct structure. E.g flowers, leaves, roots in plants and heart, liver, brains in mammals.

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22
Q

What type of tissue is the heart and stomach made of?

A

Stomach- Made up of all four tissues
Heart- Made up of cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the roots and leaves?

A

Roots- responsible for absorbing and storingwater and nutrients from soil.
Leaves- primary organ for photosynthesis. Consists of tissues, epidermis, photosynthetic tissues and vascular tissue.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the stem, flowers and fruits?

A

Stem- provides support, stores nutrients and grow new tissues It is made up of dermal, ground and vascular tissue.
Flowers- the reproductive structures.
Fruits- protect developing seeds and help disperse them from the parent plant.

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25
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a vital task. E.g. circulatory, respiratory, nervous system in humans.

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of autotrophs?

A
  • Make thier own food
  • Use energy and inorganic compounds form the environement
  • Photoautrotrophs- use light to produce energy in photosynethesis
  • Chemoautrophs- use inorganic compounds to produce energy in chemosynthesis
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27
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Responsible for the movement of oxygen, nutrients and wastes around the body. Consists of several organs working together.

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28
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

It removes CO2 from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood. Consists of lungs and trachea.

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29
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Processes food for use by the body and removes wastes. Consists of stomach, oesophagus, mouth, pancreatic, gallbladder, small and large intestine and rectum.

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30
Q

What are the two types of plants?

A

Vascular- Posess a transport system to move substances around the plants. e.g. ferns, cycads, flowering plants

Non-vascular- No transport system, simple structure, Substances are absorbed through osmosis and diffusion. e.g. algae,moss

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31
Q

What is the function and structure of the root system?

A
  • To anchor the plant and absorb water and inroganic nutrients from the soil.
  • Outermost layer is the epidermis
  • Large SA:V achieved by root hair, extensive branching and flattend cells.
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32
Q

What is the function and structure is the stem?

A
  • Provide structural support and transport pathways between the roots and leaves
  • It contains three types of tissues: Vascular, dermal and ground.
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33
Q

What are the two components of the shoot system?

A

Non-reproductive- stem and leaves
Reproductive- Flowers and fruit.

34
Q

What makes up the dermal and ground tissue of the stem?

A
  • Dermal- outer layer if stem
  • Ground- parts of the stem that is not dermal or vascular.
35
Q

What makes up the vascular tissue of the stem?

A
  • Xylem and phloem which is arranged in vascular bundles
  • Xylem carries water and minerals
  • Phloem carries products of photosynthesis.
36
Q

What is the function of leaves?

A

To absorb sunlight and CO2 in order to produce glucose in photosynthesis.
They are also the site of transpiration.

37
Q

Where are lenticels found and what is their purpose?

A

Loosely packed cells on woody stems used for gas exchange.

38
Q

What features do leaves have to help speed up the process of photosynthesis?

A
  • Large SA:V
  • Thin- minimize distance in which CO2 has to travel to diffuse
  • Chlorophyll- absorb sunlight and transfer energy into chemicals
  • Veins to support plant and carry water/carbs
  • Stomata- allows carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaves
39
Q

What are the components of a leaf?

A

Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Stomata and guard cells
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
Veins
Lower Epidermis

40
Q

Describe the cuticle is the leaf.

A

Outer layer of leaf which is formed by secreating a waxy substance. It provides shape and protection to the leaf and prevents water loss.
It is transparent to let light through and can be reduced or absent in aquatic plants.

41
Q

What are stomata and guard cells function in the leaves?

A

Stomata are pores in the leaf which opens and closes to allow gas in and out of the leaf but looses water in the process.
Guard cells surround and control the opening and closing of the stomata.

42
Q

Differentiate between the Palisade Mesophylll and spongy Mesophyll.

A

The Palisade if found two rows below epidermis and is elongated cells packed with chloroplasts. They are responsible for carrying out majority of photosynthesis.

The spongy is found in between the palisade and lower epidermis. It has fewer chloroplasts and is arranged irregularly with large spaces in-between them. It allows gases and water vapor to easily move between the cells and stomata.

43
Q

Structure and purpose of veins in plants

A

Made of Vascular tissues: Xylem and Phloem which transports materials to the leaf.
Veins also help give the leaf rigidity and maintain shape.

44
Q

Describe the upper epidermis.

A

Single protective layeer of cells on upper and lower surface of leaf. t is transparent to allow sunlight through.

45
Q

What is the structure and location of the lower epidermis?

A

Located below Spongy Mesophyll.
Transparent, no chloroplasts except in guard cells, . it is responsible for producing waxy cuticle.

46
Q

Describe the structure of the Xylem.

A
  • Specialised Cells which have their walls broken
  • Cells are stacked on top of each other forming a continuous tube.
  • Walls are reinforced with lignin laid down in rings or spirals preventing vessel from collapsing
47
Q

What are tracheids?

A
  • Long structures with end walls that taper to a point where they come into contact with each other and overlap.
  • The water molecules and dissolved ions pass from one tracheids to the other through the many small holes called PITS.
48
Q

What is the function of the Phloem?

A

To transport sugars and other products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant
There are two types: Sieve tube cells and companion cells.

49
Q

What are the three types of heterotrophs?

A

Herbivores, Carnvivores, and omnivores

50
Q

Define digestion.

A

The process of breaking down large and complex food particles into much smaller and simpler particles through chemical or physical digestion.

51
Q

Define mechanical digestion.

A

The physical breakdown of particles to increase SA:V ratio making it easier for chemical digestion to occur.

52
Q

Define chemical digestion.

A

The process of using digestive enzymes to chemically breakdown the large, complex molecules in food into smaller, simpler forms, Amylases is used to break down carbohydrates, Protease is used for proteins and lipases is used for lipids.

53
Q

What are the steps of digestion?

A

Mouth > oesophagus > Stomach > Small Intestine > large intestine.

54
Q

What is used formechanical digestion in humans?

A

Teeth and mouth
Carnivores have large canines to rip meat
Herbivores have no canines but large molars and premolars for grinding plants.
Omnivores have teeth for grinding plants and ripping meat.

55
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus in digestion?

A

it moves the food down its tube towards the stomach and is controlled by sphincters

56
Q

What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

A

It churns food physicaly to break it down. It is a hollow pocket containing acids and enzymes which chemically breaks down the protein molecules.

56
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

A long organ, muscular, contains villi. It helps chemically breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and aids in the reabsorbtion of water.

57
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

It is a small muscular organ which contains special bacteria to chemically synthesis vitamins and breakdown nutrients and wastes further.

58
Q

What are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces?

A
  • Thin, moist, have large SA:V ratio, have a large blood supply, must act as a bridge between the internal and external environment
58
Q

Name and describe the respitory system in insects.

A

The respitory system in insects is interconnecting tubes called Trachea. Gas is exchanged through spiracles which takes in O2 and is duffused through trachelos. Flying insects may have air filled sacs that hold extra air to be sent to wing. Water animlas take in aor from the surface ir from air bubbles trapped by body.

58
Q

Name and describe the respiratory system in fish.

A

Fish have gills for gas exchange. Some gills are exposed like shakes while others are covered by operculum. Fish take in the water which goes through gills to extract the O2 and then excess water is pumped out. Gills have a high SA and large blood supply.

59
Q

Name and describe the respiratory system in mammals.

A

Mammals exchange gas through their lungs. The lungs have tiny alveoli which diffuse the air across the lungs. Gases are carried through the blood stream to be used through out the body.

60
Q

What happens to the contents of bloodsd when it passes through the brain?

A

Decreases O2 and glucose
Increases CO2 and waste.

61
Q

What happens when blood passes through the liver?

A

Increases in CO2, proteins and hormones
Decreses in O2, glucose and toxins.

62
Q

What happens when blood passes through the muscles?

A

Increases in CO2 and wastes
Decreases in O2, glucose and amino acids

62
Q

What happens when blood passes through the Small intestine?

A

Increases in amino acids, glucose, Fatty acids, vitamins and water.
Decreases in O2

62
Q

What happens when blood passes through the kidneys?

A

Decreases in wastes and O2
Water and salt levels are balanced.

63
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

A closed ciculatory system is usually present in large animals and consists of a heartpumpiing blood through the blood vessels with the nutrients, waste and gas exchanged during respiration. Closed systems provide nutrients and oxygen to cells and carry away waste and CO2. However, they need more energy to provide faster service

63
Q

Describe an open circulatory system.

A

An open circulatory system is made up of one or more hearts with open ended blood vessels. The heart pumps blood into a cavity surrounding organs, after which the haemolymph (blood) is returened to the heart throug special openings. The blood pressure is usually low and only nutrients and wates are exchanged. The gases are exchanged with a differnt system. These systems are found in invertebrates such as spiders, insects, crabs, and snails.

64
Q

What are the components of a closed respitry system?

A

Blood vessels- (Veins, arteries and capillaries.)
Heart
Circuits- (Pulmonary and systematic)

64
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of arteries.

A

They carry blood away from the heart under high pressure causing by heart pumping. Arteries walls are thick walled, elastic and muscular and can contract and relax to maintain pressure.

65
Q

What is the purpose and structure of the capillaries?

A

They are extensions of the inner layers of arteries and veins and connects the two. It is only one cell thick and it surrounds all tissue cells.

66
Q

What are the purpose of veins?

A

Carry blood towards the heart (into the heart) with a low blood pressure. They have thinner walls than arteries, less muscle and a wider diameter. Because of low pressure veins have a series of valves which prevents blood from flowing back. Veins run along muscles so when muscles move they push the arteries along.

67
Q

Describe the purpose of the pulmonary circuit

A

Blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM of the heart through the VENA CAVA. This blood is high in CO2, urea, and nitrogenous wastes. The blood is also DEOXYGENATED znd low in glucose and other nutrients. As the heart beats, the right ventricle pumps blood through the PULMONARY ARTERY to the LUNGS. Here blood GAINS oxygen and LOSES CO2. The blood then returns to the heart entering the LEFT ATRIUM through the PULMONARY VEIN to enter the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT.

67
Q

Describe the features of the heart

A

It is a muscular pump made from cardiac muscles. The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle,left atrium and left ventricle. Blood enters through the artia and leaves though the ventricles.

68
Q

Describe the process of the systematic circuit.

A

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the body through the aorta (an artery, largest blood vessel). The blood then goes through organs where is looses oxygen and glucose and gains CO2 and wastes.

68
Q

Describe blood.

A

It is the fluid which transports nutrients and gases throughout the body. We have approx. 5 liters of blood which is 38*C with a pH of 7.35. It is made up of Plasma: (90% water and 10% protein) and blood cells.

69
Q

Describe red blood cells (Erthrocytes)

A

6-9um, bi-concave disk (donut), 5-6 million per 1ml of blood. produced in bone marrow. It transports oxygen, they have no nuclei and only live for thee months as they are destroyed in spleen or liver. They contain the pigment HAEMOGLOBIN.

70
Q

Describe white blood cells (Leucocytes)

A

12-25 um, irregular shaped, 4-12 thousand per ml of blood, largest blood cells, have nuclei unlike red blood cells, produced in the lymph glands. They defend us against disease.

70
Q

What is a platelet?

A

Fragemnt of cell made in bone marrow. About 3um, irregular shaped and helps the blood to clot.

71
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system.

A

Second part of transport systems in mammals. It is an open system made up of lymph vessels, lymph nodes and organ such as the thymus and spleen. Fluid diffuses out of capillaries as they pass through tissues. This fluid is collected by the lymph vessels and transported back to the heart.

Biology OPHS (3 decks)

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