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Biology > Organisation of living things > Flashcards

Organisation of living things Flashcards

Module 2

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1
Q

Define Unicellular Organisms

A
  • Unicellular organisms are make up of one cell that has to carry out all metabolic processes. This cell could be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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2
Q

Listing example of unicellular organism

A

Amoeba - E.Coli - Staphylococcus aureus - Brewer’s yeast

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Their simple structure limits the number of reactions they carry out.

A

Informative sentences

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells possess a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Increasing efficiency of metabolic reactions

A

Informative sentences.

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5
Q

Describe characteristic of unicellular organisms.

A
  • They have a high SA:V ratio, which allows efficient movement of substances into and out of the cell.
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6
Q

Define colonial organisms.

A
  • These organisms refer to a group of individual organisms of the same species that live together and perform the same function.
  • Although each individual cell is capable of living independently on their own, they colonise to benefit the group.
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7
Q

Outline 3 advantages of colonial organisms

A
  • Provide a stronger defence
  • Attack bigger prey
  • Use less energy
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8
Q

Examples of colonial organisms

A

Volvox - Choanoflagellates - Stephalia

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9
Q

Define multicellular organisms

A
  • Multicellular organisms carry out their life processes through division of labour and they have specialised cells that have specific functions.
  • Similar specialised cells are grouped together and perform specific functions that combine for the efficient functioning of the organism.
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10
Q

Can cells within a multicellular organism live independently of other cells?

A

No, because they need other specialised cells to support its function.

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11
Q

Examples of multicellular organisms

A

Trout - Ladybird - Mouse - Fern - Platypus - Crab - Eucalypt

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12
Q

Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of unicellular organisms

A
  • Pros: each cell can live independently and high SA:V
  • Cons: Have short lifespan
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13
Q

Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of colonial organisms

A
  • Pros: colonise to provide better function (stronger defence, ability to attack bigger prey, use less energy)
  • Cons: in some situations, colonial organisms don’t have specialised cell -> short lifespan
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14
Q

Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of multicellular organisms

A
  • Pros: longer lifespan cause it possesses myriad of specialised cells to perform function effectively in the organism body
  • Cons: individual cells cannot live independently of each other
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15
Q

Identify the three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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16
Q

List the main characteristics of life

A
  1. Cellular organisation
  2. Reproduction
  3. Metabolism
  4. Homeostasis
  5. Heredity
  6. Response to stimuli
  7. Growth and development
  8. Adaptations through evolution
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17
Q

Define cell differentiation

A
  • Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialised in order to perform different functions
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18
Q

Which kingdoms have multicellular organisms?

A

Animalia - Plantea - Fungi - Protista

18
Q

Suggest why most multicellular organisms require systems

A

Because they need them to take in more and adequately nutrients and remove waste from cell as well.

19
Q

Define cell specialisation

A
  • When cells differentiate, they develop suitable features that allow them to carry out their specific function.
  • These unique features of a cell to perform specific roles is referred to as cell specialisation.
20
Q

Define stem cells

A
  • After an egg cell and sperm cell unite to begin forming a new organism, each cell in this new organism will have the same DNA “turn on” => Called Stem cell
21
Q

The origin of specialised cell

A

Embryonic cells

22
Q

Multicellular organisms begin as just one single cell- a fertilized egg, also called zygote

A

Informative sentence

22
Q

Outline the relationship between cell differentiation and specialisation

A
  • Cell specialisations are cells that possess unique features to perform specific functions
  • Meanwhile, cell differentiation is the process by which cells are specialised
23
Q

Function of stem cells

A
  • Can differentiate by turning certain genes in their DNA ‘on’ and ‘off’
  • Since different genes are expressed in different specialised cells, their phenotype (physical/structural appearance) will also differ to suit their specific function.
  • Once a stem cell differentiates into a specialised cell type, it will lose its ability to develop into other types of cell
24
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of a cell becoming specialised?

A
  • Pros: these cells will help organisms by performing specific roles (functions) in cells
  • Cons: these cells cannot specialise or transform into any other types of cells compared to their initial form of stem cells or embryonic cells
25
Q

Outline 3 ways in which stem cells differ from other cells in the body

A
  • Stem cells have ability to differentiate and become any type of specialised cells in organisms.
  • These cells possess all the genetic information of other cells in the organism which is regulated by the mechanism turn ‘on’ and ‘off’ DNA
  • They are unspecialised, so they cannot do specific function in body
26
Q

The structure and function of specialised cells in a multicellular organism are different. Explain why this is possible if they all possess the same genetic information

A
  • Because each type of cell may be differentiated by one type of stem cells which possess the same genetic information (DNA), they are different because these specialised cells are expressing different segment of the same gene.
  • Hence, it is possible that they all possess the same genetic information.
27
Q

Describe how it is possible for the specialised cells in a multicellular organism to work together to achieve the efficient functioning of the organism.

A
  • Cells are arranged into tissues, which are then arranged into organs => organ systems within the body that carry out a particular role in the organism. And the organ system functions more efficient than individual cells.
28
Q

Outline three uses or potential uses of stem cells in curing human disease.

A
  • Stem cells can differentiate into red blood cells to cure people who have blood cancer or some diseases that need to change dead red blood cells (anaemia, haemophilia, …)
  • Stem cells can differentiate into neurons to replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury; stroke; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease.
  • Stem cells can change into specific organs to replace damaged organs in organisms
29
Q

Relationship between structure and function of RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)

A
  • They contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen molecules
  • They don’t have nucleus and other organelles, allowing more space to carry oxygen
  • They are a flat disc shape (bi-concave) which gives them a large SA:V ratio, and the best chance of absorbing as much oxygen as they can
  • The small size of RBC allow them to squeeze through small capillaries
30
Q

Relationship between structure and function of CELLS WHOSE FUNCTIONS INVOLVE EXCHANGING SUBSTANCES WITH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (EG. ROOT HAIR CELLS, CELLS LINING THE SMALL INTESTINE)

A
  • Cells whose functions involve exchanging substances with the external environment will probably be flat and long to increase SA:V, or have many folds to increase the surface area.
31
Q

Outline the structural organisation of multicellular organisms

A

Organelles => Cells => Tissues => Organs => Organ system => Organism

32
Q

Give example of organisation hierarchy in living organism

A
  1. Mitochondria (produce energy for cells)
  2. Muscle cells (contracting to promote movement)
  3. Muscle tissue (assist in movement)
  4. Biceps (assist in the movement of arms)
  5. Muscular system (assist in the movement of body)
33
Q

Some examples of organelles in Hierarchical Organisation of Cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Flagellum
  • Pili
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Microtubules
  • Cell membrane
  • Plasmid
34
Q

Some examples of types of cell in Hierarchical Organisation of Cells

A
  • Fat (adipose) cell
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • Neutrophil
  • Hepatocyte (liver cell)
  • Macrophage (big endocytosis cells)
  • Kupffer cell
  • Chief cell
  • Mucous cell
  • Epithelial cell
  • Pneumocytes (lungs cell)
35
Q

Some examples of tissues in Hierarchical Organisation of Cells

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscle tissue
36
Q

Some examples of organ in Hierarchical Organisation of Cells

A
  • Heart
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gall bladder
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Kidneys
  • Skin
  • Spleen
  • Appendix
  • Pituitary gland (tuyến yên)
  • Femur (xương đùi)
37
Q

Some examples of organ system in Hierarchical Organisation of Cells

A
  • Skeletal system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Digestive system
  • Excretory system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Reproductive system
38
Q

Organism systems in the body work together in a coordinated way to ensure that the body functions effectively. Describe an example where several organ systems work together to carry out a particular function in the human body

A
  • One example is the process of breathing and gas exchange. This involves the respiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems working in coordination.
    + Respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into and exerting carbon dioxide out of the body (through alveoli)
    + Circulatory system: oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries, where it binds to haemoglobin in RBC. The heart pumps oxygen throughout the body and the carbon dioxide is transported back to lungs.
    + Muscular system: diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm contracts and flattens during inhalation, creating a vacuum that allows oxygen enters the lung.
39
Q

The function of the palisade cells is to capture the sunlight and use its energy to carry out photosynthesis. The function of the microvilli of the endothelial cell is to absorb digested food particles. Describe how the structure of both of these cells assists them in carrying out the specific function.

A
  • Palisade cells possess many chloroplasts inside in order to carry out photosynthesis
  • MIcrovilli, they are thin, flattened so their SA:V ratio are high in order to absorb digest particles
40
Q

Identify the name of the tissue that contains undifferentiated cells and the regions in the plant where this is found.

A
  • Meristermatic tissue
41
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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