organisation of cells into tissues and organs

Question 1

what are the three major salivary glands?

Answer 1

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

**there are many smaller glands scattered in the oral mucosa

Question 2

what kind of cell stains poorly with H&E?

and what kind of gland would we be looking at like this?

Answer 2

mucous secreting cells

sublingual gland

Question 3

what kind of cell stains well with H&E?

and what kind of gland would we be looking at?

Answer 3

serous secreting cells

parotid gland

Question 4

in what kind of gland would mucous secreting cells stain magenta and serous cells stain blue-purple?

Answer 4

submandibular gland

Question 5

why do salivary glands have striated ducts?

Answer 5

to remove salt content from saliva ie these ducts modify saliva to be hypotonic to blood, presumably to preserve salt content in the body

Question 6

what are the 4 major layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 6

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

Question 7

what are the three parts of the mucosa?

Answer 7

1. epithelium
2. lamina propria
3. muscularis mucosae

Question 8

what is the order, starting from the lumen to the outer longitudinal muscle, of the layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 8

lumen, epithelium, lamina propria, connective tissue, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa ie inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle and then serosa

Question 9

what are the variation in mucosa and what kind of epithelium are they?

Answer 9

> protective: non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
*don’t have to worry about dehydration here

> secretory: simple columnar, with extensive tubular glands

> absorptive: simple columnar epithelium (with villi and tubular glands ie large surface area)

> protective and absorptive: simple columnar with tubular glands

Question 10

what is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 10

the digestive track’s nervous system

Question 11

what is a key difference between bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 11

bronchi contain hyaline cartilage in their wall while bronchioles have no hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall

Question 12

what kind of cells make up alveoli?

Answer 12

they are lined by simple squamous epithelium

Question 13

what is the portal triad

Answer 13

the branch of hepatic portal vein, bile duct and hepatic arteriole

Question 14

what is a sinusoid

Answer 14

spaces for blood flow

Question 15

what is strange about the pancreas?

Answer 15

it is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland

Question 16

what does the exocrine pancreas do?

Answer 16

produces digestive juices ie proteases, lipases, nucleases

Question 17

what does the endocrine pancreas do?

Answer 17

produces insulin

Question 18

how does the endocrine pancreas produce the hormone of insulin?

Answer 18

it consists of small scattered bits of tissue called islets of langerhans - it is these islets that produce the hormone