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organisation - lungs heart blood and blood vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

Gas exchange services through diffusion

Features include large surface area, short diffusion distances, good ventilation, and dense capillary networks.

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2
Q

How many alveoli does each lung contain?

A

250 to 300 million alveoli

The total surface area of the lung is around 70 square meters.

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3
Q

What type of circulatory system does the heart belong to?

A

Double circulatory system

Composed of blood vessels, a pump (the heart), and valves for one-way flow.

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4
Q

What are the two circuits of the heart?

A
  • Pulmonary circuit
  • Systemic circulation
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5
Q

What is the benefit of a double circulatory system?

A

Allows oxygenated blood to return to the heart and be pumped at higher pressure to the body

This enhances the speed of oxygen delivery to cells.

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6
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
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7
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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8
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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9
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Oxygenated blood enters via the vena cava into the right atrium, flows to the right ventricle, then to the pulmonary artery, returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, and is pumped to the body via the aorta.

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10
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than those of the atria?

A

Ventricles need to create higher pressure to pump blood out of the heart

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11
Q

What is the role of the pacemaker in the heart?

A

Coordinates the contraction of the heart muscle and regulates heart rate

Located in the right atrium.

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12
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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13
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Transport blood away from the heart, usually at high pressure

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14
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Transport blood to the heart, usually at low pressure

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15
Q

What is the structure of capillary walls?

A

Consist of a single layer of endothelial cells

This minimizes diffusion distance for gases.

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16
Q

How can the rate of blood flow be calculated?

A

By dividing the volume of blood flow by time

Example: 2460 mL in 4 minutes equals 615 mL/min.

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17
Q

What is the primary role of blood in the body?

A

Transport useful substances and remove harmful waste

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18
Q

What is the composition of human blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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19
Q

What shape do red blood cells have and why?

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A

Biconcave disc shape to maximize surface area for gas diffusion

20
Q

What protein do red blood cells contain for oxygen transport?

21
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

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A

Defend the body against infection

22
Q

How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

Study These Flashcards
A

By engulfing and digesting them

23
Q

What do lymphocytes produce to enhance immune response?

Study These Flashcards
A

Specific antibodies

24
Q

What is the function of platelets?

Study These Flashcards
A

Involved in forming blood clots to prevent blood loss

25
What happens to individuals with insufficient platelets?
They cannot clot their blood effectively, which can be life-threatening
26
: What is the aim of food tests in this practical?
To use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
27
: What does a qualitative food test indicate?
: What does a qualitative food test indicate?
28
: What does a qualitative food test indicate?
You should observe color changes to indicate the presence or absence of specific substances.
29
What steps are involved in preparing a food sample for testing? A:
Break up the food using a pestle and mortar. Transfer to a test tube and add distilled water. Mix the food with the water by stirring with a glass rod. Filter the mixture using a funnel and filter paper to collect the solution.
30
How do you perform Benedict’s Test for reducing sugars? A:
Add 2 cm³ of food sample to a test tube. Add an equal amount of Benedict’s solution. Heat in a water bath for 3-5 minutes.
31
: What observations indicate a positive result in Benedict’s test?
: What observations indicate a positive result in Benedict’s test?
32
What is the Iodine test used to detect?
The Iodine test is used to detect starch.
33
How do you perform the Iodine test for starch?
Add 2-3 drops of iodine solution to the food sample. Shake or stir the test tube to mix.
34
What observations indicate a positive result in the Iodine test?
The solution turns from yellow-brown to blue-black if starch is present.
35
What is the Emulsion test used to detect?
The Emulsion test is used to detect lipids.
36
: How do you perform the Emulsion test for lipids
Add 2 cm³ of the food sample to a test tube. Add an equal amount of ethanol and shake well. Pour the mixture into a second test tube containing 2 cm³ of distilled water.
37
What observations indicate a positive result in the Emulsion test?
A white, milky emulsion forms if lipids are present.
38
What is the Biuret test used to detect?
: The Biuret test is used to detect proteins.
39
How do you perform the Biuret test for proteins? A:
Add 2 cm³ of food sample to a test tube. Add a few drops of Biuret reagent and gently mix.
40
What observations indicate a positive result in the Biuret test?
: The solution turns purple if proteins are present.
41
What are the safety precautions when carrying out food tests? A:
Always wear goggles to protect your eyes. Sodium hydroxide in Biuret solution is corrosive; wash skin immediately if contact occurs. Ethanol is highly flammable; keep away from open flames. Be cautious when using a Bunsen burner.
42
What is a major hazard of using Biuret solution in the protein test?
A: Biuret solution contains copper(II) sulfate, which is dangerous, especially if it gets into the eyes. Always wear goggles.
43
: What is a major hazard of using Iodine in the starch test?
A: Iodine is an irritant to the eyes, so always wear goggles.
44
Why is ethanol considered a hazard during the food tests?
Ethanol is highly flammable, so it should be kept away from the Bunsen burner during the Benedict’s test.
45
What should you do if sodium hydroxide from Biuret solution gets on your skin?
A: Wash your hands immediately to prevent harm.

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