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AQA GCSE BIOLOGY > Organisation- heart blood vessels and blood > Flashcards

Organisation- heart blood vessels and blood Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the left ventricle have the thickest wall of all the 4 chambers in the heart?

A

LV has to contract to generate the largest force to move the blood from the LV to all over the body i.e. they have to move the blood over the largest distance and overcome the greatest resistance (friction)

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2
Q

What is the purpose/function of the valves inside veins?

A

prevent back flow of blood and ensure blood flows in one direction

also prevent blood from pooling (collecting) in the lower limbs

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3
Q

What is the role/function of the plasma?

A

It is the liquid component of the blood that the cells are suspended in and chemicals are carried in

  • plasma carries:
  • red, white blood cells
  • platelets
  • glucose and amino acids
  • CO2
  • urea
  • hormones
  • proteins
  • anitbodies
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4
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

They have many alveoli

The alveoli have walls which are one cell thick

The alveoli are covered in a rich blood supply (many capillaries)

The lining of the alveoli is moist (to dissolve the gases)

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5
Q

Give 2 advantages of biological heart valves

A

No medication needs to be taken

They are fully effective

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6
Q

What are the 3 different roles/functions of white blood cells?

A

To produce antibodies

To produce antitoxins

To carry out phagocytosis (engulf bacteria or toxins and break them down into harmless products)

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7
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

A system where the blood passes through the heart twice per full circuit around the body.

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8
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium

Contracts to generate a high force to move the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body.

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9
Q

Why does the right ventricle have thicker walls than the atria?

A

The RV has to contract to generate a larger force to move the blood from the RV to the lungs i.e. they have to move the blood over a larger distance and overcome a larger resistance (friction)

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10
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of biological heart valves

A

They usually need replacing after 15 years

There are ethical issues for some people e.g. is it right to use tissue from animals

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11
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that happens in the red blood cell in the lungs

A

haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

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12
Q

What is the role/function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

The blood has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

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13
Q

How do cells become specialised?

A

The cells differentiate

This means they change in different ways:-

they change their shape e.g. sperm cell becomes streamlined and develops a flagellum (tail)
they change their cell contents e.g. produce specific proteins e.g. haemogobin in a RBC, mucus in a goblet cell
they change the number of certain cell organelles to become suited for a specific function e.g. pallisade mesophyll cells increase thier number fo chloroplasts
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14
Q

What are blood components?

A

These are parts of blood that have been separated from donated blood e.g. red blood cells platelets plasma

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15
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

To produce and secrete chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

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16
Q

What happens to the heart valve when it becomes faulty?

A

The valve may not open fully (as they can become stiff)

The valve may develop a leak (which then allows blood to flow in both directions)

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17
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood?

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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18
Q

Define the term ‘organ system’

A

A group of organs working together to carry out specific functions

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19
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body back to the right atrium

The blood has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What are the 3 negatives/disadvantages of having a stent fitted?

A

There can be complications during surgery e.g. having a heart attack, reacting to the anaesthetic

There is a risk of a blood clot forming near the stent - this is called a thrombosis

If a thrombosis forms there is a risk of a stroke or heart attack or pulmonary embolism

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21
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur? Hint: 5 steps

A

Layers of fatty material build up INSIDE the coronary artery wall

This narrows the lumen of the coronary artery

This reduces the blood flow through the coronary srtery

This reduces the amount of oxygen & glucose delivered to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls

This can cause a heart attack

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22
Q

Give an example of a cardiovascular disease

A

Coronary heart disease

Angina

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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23
Q

What are platelets and why are they important

A

-small fragments of cells which helps blood clot

they are important as they: prevent blood loss

prevent the entry of micro-organisms

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24
Q

Which type of blood vessels have smooth muscle and elastic fibres in their walls?

A

ONLY arteries and veins

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25
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells and remove all waste products from cells in a multi-cellular animal
26
Describe the structure of a red blood cell Hint: Think of 3 facts
Biconcave shape No nucleus (or mitochondria) Contains a specialised protein called haemoglobin
27
Give 4 SCIENTIFIC arguments for the development of artificial hearts
Compensates for a shortage of biological donor hearts Less likely to be rejected (as the metal and plastic is not recognised as foreign by the person’s immune system) No need to tissue match No need for immuno-suppressants to be taken by the patient for the rest of their life
28
What is the name of the main vein in the human body?
Vena cava
29
What is the role/function of the capillaries?
To allow the exchange of nutrients (e.g. glucose and oxygen) from the plasma to the cells To allow the removal of waste products e.g. carbon dioxide and urea from cells into the blood plasma
30
What is the name of the main artery in the human body?
Aorta
31
What is artificial blood?
A blood substitute e.g. saline
32
What are the 5 key features of any blood substitute?
They must not cause rejection They must have a long shelf-life They must be easy to store and transport They must not transmit infections They must be good are transporting oxygen
33
List the organs that make up the digestive system
Glands = pancreas & salivary glands Stomach Small intestine Liver Large intestine
34
What are the consequences (signs and symptoms) of a faulty heart valve?
A person becomes breathless easily (as they have low oxygen supply) The person can die (as a result of insufficient oxygen)
35
Give 7 SCIENTIFIC arguments against the development of artificial hearts
Patients usually have to take anticoagulants to thin the blood and reduce the risk of clots The device may wear out or the electric motor may fail Surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding & possible infection There can be problems with the size of the artificial heart Usually it is not a long term solution i.e. not a cure just a temporary solution Surgery can result in bleeding and infection Blood flow is not smooth and this can result in problems with blood clotting causing other medical problems e.g. stroke
36
What is the role/function of the ribcage?
To protect the heart and lungs
37
What is the purpose/function of the valves inside veins?
prevent the back flow of blood and ensure blood only flows in one direction also prevent blood from pooling (collecting) in the lower limbs
38
What is the role/function of the veins? describe the structure of veins
To carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart -capillaries join up to form veins- blood is at a lower pressure
39
What are the 4 risks in ANY type of valve replacement?
Risks of infection (during and after surgery) Risks of reaction to the anaesthetic during surgery Possible clots forming leading to blocked blood vessels Clots can result in a heart attack or stroke
40
What is an artificial heart?
mechanical device that is used to treat a person whose own heart has failed
41
What are the advantages of replacing a faulty heart valve? Hint 1: applies to BOTH biological and mechanical heart valves Hint 2: 5 steps
The new valve improves the circulation of blood So more oxygen is delivered to the tissues So more cell respiration can occur So more energy is releases And hence the person can lead a more active life again
42
What is the role/function of the arteries?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high blood pressure
43
What are the 3 disadvantages of taking statins?
They have to be taken long-term and regularly They can cause side effects e.g. headaches, kidney failure, liver damage, memory loss Their effect is not immediate - the person has to take them for some time before any benefit is observed
44
Describe the shape of a typical white blood cell Hint: think of 3 facts
Larger cells (larger than RBC and platelets) May contain a large kidney bean shaped nucleus or may contain a lobed nucleus
45
What is the function of the left atrium?
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Contracts to generate a small force to move the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves
46
Define the term 'cardiovascular disease'
Disease that affect the heart or the blood vessels
47
Give 4 disadvantages of mechanical (man-made) valves
increased risk of a blood clot forming Open heart surgery is required to insert the mechanical valave can't be used for everyone e.g. if a person is still growing
48
What are the 4 risks in ANY type of valve replacement?
Risks of infection (during and after surgery) Risks of reaction to the anaesthetic during surgery Possible clots forming leading to blocked blood vessels Clots can result in a heart attack or stroke
49
How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
rate of blood flow = volume of blood passed through a blood vessel divided by the number of minutes
50
Describe capillaries and their function
- arteries branch into capillaries - capillaries are tiny - carry blood really close to every cell in body to exchange substances with them - have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out - supply food and oxygen, take away CO2 - walls are only one cell thick-increases diffusion - very small lumen
51
Describe the pulmonary circuit
The right ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and then the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart
52
How does a stent work?
- pushes the artery wall open | - to restore blood flow and allow oxygen and glucose to be delivered to the cells
53
Give 4 advantages of mechanical (man-made) valves
Last a long time ~20-30 years Very effective No need to replace the valve i.e. permanent fix There are no ethical issues
54
Why may a person need a blood transfusion?
After an accident which has caused SEVERE blood loss
55
What is the function of the right atrium?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body Contracts to generate a small force to move the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves (tricuspid valve)
56
How can coronary heart disease be treated? Hint: 2 methods
Stents Statins
57
Describe the systemic circuit
The left ventricle of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body (except the lungs) and then the deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart i.e. heart to body to heart
58
What is the role of the diaphragm during ventilation?
The diaphragm contracts during inhalation so that the diaphragm flattens causing the volume of the thorax to increase The diaphragm relaxes during exhalation so that the diaphragm becomes dome shaped causing the volume of the thorax to decrease
59
Describe an artery?
-walls are thick -contain elastic fibres that stretch and recoil when blood surges through them
60
What is the function of the right ventricle?
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium Contracts to generate a low force to move the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery -- 75
61
What is the main component of plasma?
Water
62
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium The blood has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide
63
Give 3 possible causes of a faulty heart valve
Old age Heart attack Infection
64
How can faulty heart valves be treated?
Replace the valve with either a biological heart valve or a mechanical valve
65
What is the function of the aorta?
Carries oxygenated blood at high pressure to the arteries of the circulatory system The blood has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide
66
What are the key structures in the thorax?
Rib cage Heart Lungs Diaphragm
67
What is the role/function of red blood cells?
Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cell and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin Hence red blood cells transport oxygen around the body
68
Give 3 SOCIAL arguments against the development of artificial hearts
It is not natural Inconvenience of having to carry a battery pack all the time May have to remain in hospital therefore lifestyle is affected long term (possible loss of job etc)
69
What is the role of the bronchioles?
To carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli
70
What is the role/function of the trachea?
To carry air from the mouth to the bronchi
71
What are the names of the four chamber of the heart?
Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle
72
How to statins work? Hint: think of 2 facts
They reduce blood cholesterol levels This reduces the rate at which the fatty materials are deposited in the artery walls
73
What is the difference between biological and mechanical valves?
Biological valves: usually taken from other humans or animals such as pigs and cattle Mechanical valves: made of titanium and polymers i.e. man-made
74
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
To cover the inside and outside of certain organs e.g. stomach
75
Which type of blood vessels have valves inside them?
Only veins
76
What are statins and how are they effective
-drugs that reduce the amount of LDL (bad) cholestrol in the bloodstream They reduce the LDLs in the blood and they increase the HDLs in the blood
77
What is a stent?
A metal mesh that can be inserted into an artery to keep the artery lumen open
78
advantages of taking statins? disadvantages of taking statins?
reduce the amount of LDLs in the blood reduce the risk of strokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease increase the amount of HDLs in the blood - long-term drug that must be taken regularly (risk someone might forget to take them) - can cause negative side effects - effect of statins isnt instant
79
Why are the alveoli covered in a large network of capillaries?
To allow efficient gas exchange by maintaining a rich blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient
80
Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of fresh, frozen plasma?
To treat patients who have suffered excessive blood loss
81
What is the role/function of the bronchi?
To carry air from the trachea to the bronchioles
82
What is the function of muscular tissue?
To contract to bring about movement of what the muscle is attached to
83
What are the names of the two circuits in the double circulatory system in humans?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
84
What are the 3 types of blood vessel?
Arteries, veins and capillaries
85
Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of packed red blood cells?
To restore the oxygen carrying capacity in a patient who has anaemia or has suffered excessive blood loss
86
- advantages of artificial hearts | - disadvantages of artificial hearts
- less likely to be rejected due to being made out of metal - not natural - can lead to bleeding and infection - may have to remain in hospital for a long time (could affect jobs)
87
Advantages about stents? Disadvantages about stents?
- effective for a long time - recovery time from surgery is relatively quick - risk of complications - risk of infection from surgery
88
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls
89
What are HDLs?
They carry fat AWAY from the artery wall and DECREASE the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall Hint- Think: "H" = healthy
90
What tissue is the heart made up from?
Cardiac muscle
91
What are LDLs?
They carry fat TO the artery wall and INCREASE the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall Hint -Think: "L" = lethal
92
What are the 3 components (parts) of the circulatory system?
Heart Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) Blood
93
Place these chambers of the heart in order of the thickness of their wall (start with the thinnest wall) Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium
Right and left atria (thinnest) Right ventricle (thicker) Left ventricle (thickest)
94
Why must faulty heart valves be replaced, for example if they become stiif or hardened as the person ages?
The faulty valve will reduce the amount of oxygenated blood leaving the heart This means the heartwill have to beat faster so that it can supply sufficient oxygen to the cells
95
Compare the composition (contents) of the blood in an artery and the blood in a vein
Blood in an artery has high levels of oxygen, a vein has low levels Blood in an artery has high levels of glucose, a vein has low levels Blood in an artery has low levels of carbon dioxide, a vein has high levels Blood in an artery has low levels of lactic acid, a vein has high levels
96
State 4 advantages of using artifical blood for a transfusion
No risk of rejection There is an abundant supply There is a lower risk of infection e.g. no risk of HIV It has a longer shelf-life than human blood
97
Name the blood vessel that supplies the cardiac (heart) muscle with oxygen and glucose
Coronary artery
98
Describe what happens if the coronary artery becomes blocked (2)
The person may have a heart attack As the cardiac muscle no longer recieves oxygen and glucose and so the heart tissue dies
99
Describe the structure and function of red blood cells
Structure: Biconcave disc- gives it large surface area Appear smaller than white blood cells when observed under a light microscope Have no nucleus Function: conatin haemoglobin to carry oxygen
100
Describe the structure and function of lymphocytes
Structure: Have very little cytoplasm Have a large nucleus Function: Produce antitoxins Produce antibodies Produce memory cells to provide active immunity
101
Describe the structure and function of phagocytes
structure: Have a lobed nucleus Nucleus looks C-shaped Function: carry out phagocytosis engulf and break down pathogens
102
Give 5 reasons why the alveoli are good exhange surfaces.
``` have very good blood supply They have thin walls They are well ventilated They have a large surface area Their walls are permeable to gases Their walls have a moist layer of surfactant ```
103
Comare and contrast inhaled (inspired) and exhaled (expired) air.
Inhaled air has more oxygen in it Inhaled air has less carbon dioxide in it Inhaled air is cooler/has a lower temperature Inhaled air has less water vapour
104
Give examples of tissues?
muscular tissues glandular tissues epithelial tissues - inside of gut
105
Give examples of an organ?
stomach liver small intestine
106
Give an example of an organ system?
digestive system
107
what is the natural resting heart rate is controlled by
a group of cells located | in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

AQA GCSE BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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