Organisation and Specialisation of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the levels of organisation in multicellular organisms?

A
  • Specialised cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Whole organism
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2
Q

What are some examples of specialised animal cells?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Sperm cells
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3
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted for their function?

A
  • Have a flattened biconcave shape which increases their surface area to volume ratio
  • No nucleus to maximise space for haemoglobin
  • Flexible so they are able to squeeze through capillaries
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4
Q

How are neutrophils adapted for their function and what is their role?

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus which allows them to squeeze through small gaps to a site of infection
  • Granular cytoplasm contains many lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens
  • Role:
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5
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Tail or flagellum to allow them to move
  • Many mitochondria to supply energy needed to move the flagella
  • Head of sperm contains enzymes which are released to digest the protective layers around the ovum, allowing the sperm to penetrate, leading to fertilisation
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6
Q

What are some examples of specialised plant cells?

A
  • Palisade cells
  • Root hair cells
  • Guard cells
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7
Q

How are palisade cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Rectangular shape so they can be closely packed in to form a continuous layer
  • Thin cell walls, increasing rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide
  • Large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure
  • Chloroplasts can move within the cytoplasm in order to absorb more light
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8
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Long extensions called root hairs which increase surface area
  • This maximises the uptake of water and minerals
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9
Q

How are guard cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Cell wall is thicker on one side so the cell does not change shape symmetrically as the volume changes
  • When they lose water and become less swollen, as a result of osmotic forces, they change shape and stoma closes to prevent further water loss
  • Necessary for carbon dioxide to enter
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10
Q

What are the four mains categories of tissues in animals?

A
  • Nervous, adapted to support the transmission of electrical impulses
  • Epithelial tissue, adapted to cover body surfaces, internal and external
  • Muscle tissue, adapted to contract
  • Connective tissue adapted to either hold tissues together or as a transport medium
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11
Q

What does squamous epithelial look like?

A

Very flat

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12
Q

Why is squamous epithelial tissue flat?

A

Due to the flat cells that make it up and also because it is only one cell thick

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13
Q

Where is squamous epithelial tissue found and why?

A
  • Present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential

- For example lining of lungs as it allows rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood (only one cell thick)

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14
Q

What does ciliated epithelium look like?

A

-Made up of ciliated epithelial cells that have ‘hair-like’ structures called cilia on one surface that waft

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15
Q

Where is ciliated epithelium found and why?

A
  • Lines the trachea
  • Causes pathogens that have been trapped by mucus to be wafted away from the lungs
  • Prevents infection
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16
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Connective tissue found in outer ear, nose and at the ends and between of bones

17
Q

What does cartilage contain?

A

Fibres of the proteins elastin and collagen

18
Q

Why is cartilage important?

A
  • Prevents ends of bones from rubbing together and causing damage
  • Allows trachea to bend when food is swallowed
  • Holds trachea open
19
Q

What does skeletal muscle contain?

A

Microfibrils which contain contractile proteins

20
Q

Why is muscle important?

A

Shortens in length, to move bones, which allows us to move different parts of the body

21
Q

What are the specialised plant tissues?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Xylem tissue
  • Phloem tissue
22
Q

How is epidermis tissues adapted for its function?

A

Covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle to reduce the loss of water by evaporation
Contains guard cells to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out
Single layer so thin for diffusion

23
Q

What is epidermis made up of?

A

Single layers of closely packed cells covering the surfaces of plants

24
Q

How is xylem tissue adapted for its function?

A

Strengthened with waterproof material called lignin which provides structural support and prevents water loss
Elongated dead cell vessels to allow constant flow

25
Q

What kind of tissue is xylem tissue?

A

Vascular tissue

26
Q

What is xylem tissue responsible for?

A

Transport of water and minerals throughout plants

27
Q

What is phloem tissue responsible for?

A

Transport of organic nutrients, particular sucrose, from leaves and stems where it is made by photosynthesis to all parts of plant where it is needed

28
Q

What is phloem tissue composed of?

A

Sieve tube elements separated by perforated walls called sieve elements

29
Q

What is an organ?

A

Collection of tissue that are adapted to perform a particular function

30
Q

What are the organ systems?

A
  • Digestive system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Gas exchange system