Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology GCSE > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

In the lungs, where does air you breathe go?

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange
oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveloi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is the circulatory system a DOUBLE circulatory system?

A

There are two circuits joined together.

For each full circuit, the blood passes through the heart twice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is carried in the right side of the heart?

A

deoxygenated blood

from body, going to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is carried in the left side of the heart?

A

oxygenated blood

from lungs, going to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the vena carva do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from body into the right atrium (in the heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle (in the heart) to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium (in the heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle (in the heart) to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pacemaker in the heart?

A

group of cells in the right atrium wall that control your resting heart rate by releasing a small electrical impulse to make the muscle cells contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood into the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Join up arteries and veins

Involved in gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are arteries adapted? (And why?)

A

Strong and elastic walls (to withstand high pressure)

Thick walls with layers of muscle and elastic fibre (to help them to stretch and spring back)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are capillaries adapted? (And why?)

A 
Permeable walls (so that substances can diffuse in and out)
Walls are usually only one cell thick (to increase rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance which diffusion occurs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are veins adapted? (And why?)

A 
Big lumen (to help blood to flow despite it being at low pressure)
Valves (to keep blood flowing in the right direction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main four components in blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are red blood cells adapted? (And why?)

A 
biconcave disc shape and no nucleus (gives the cells a large surface area for absorbing oxygen)
contains haemoglobin (pigment that binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells and what do they each do?

A

Lymphocytes -create antibodies and antitoxins to fight microorganisms and neutralise toxins
Phagocytes -engulf microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help to clot blood at a wound (to stop blood loss and to prevent microorganisms coming in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells (without a nucleus) in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is plasma? And what does it do?

A 
Liquid in the blood which carries:
- red and white blood cells and platelets
nutrients (eg. amino acids and glucose)
- carbon dioxide
- urea
- hormones
- proteins
- antibodies and antitoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases?

A

diseases involving the heat or blood vessels, eg coronary heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is coronary heart disease?
when the coronary arteries (arteries supplying blood to the muscle of the heart) get blocked by layers of fatty material. This causes the arteries to become narrow so that blood flow can become restricted and there may be a lack of oxygen, resulting in heart attack.
26
What are stents?
Tubes inserted inside arteries to keep them open to make sure blood can flow through to the heart muscles.
27
What are the advantages of stents?
- effective for a long time | - recovery time from surgery is quick
28
What are the disadvantages of stents?
- risk of complications during surgery - risk of infection from surgery - risk of thrombosis (blood clotting near stent)
29
What are statins?
Drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the blood, which slows down the rate of formation of fatty acids.
30
What are the advantages of statins?
- reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks - can increase amount of beneficial cholesterol in blood
31
What are the disadvantages of statins?
- long term drug - needed to be taken regularly - can cause negative side effects, eg. headaches or more extreme ones like kidney failure, memory loss or liver damage - effect of statins isn't instant
32
What can doctors do if a patient has a heart failure?
Perform a heart transplant (using donor organs from people who have recently dies) or fit an artificial heart.
33
What are the advantages of an artificial heart?
- less likely to be rejected by body than a donor heart | - keeps patient alive until there is an available heart
34
What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?
- surgery can lead to bleeding and infection - don't work as well as natural ones; parts of the heart could wear out or electric motor could fail - blood doesn't flow through artificial hearts as smoothly, which can cause blood clots or strokes
35
What can be done if heart valves are damaged or weakened?
Replaced by biological valves (eg. cows, pigs or human) | Replaced by mehcanical valves
36
What is an advantage of a replacement heart valve?
-much less drastic procedure than a whole heart transplant
37
What are the disadvantages of replacement heart valves?
- major surgery | - can still be problems with blood clotting
38
What is artificial blood?
A blood substitute used to replace a lost volume of blood and can keep patients alive until they produce new blood cells or if not, patients will need a blood transfusion.
39
What happens in the palisade mesophyll tissue in a leaf?
photosynthesis
40
What is the spongy mesophyll tissue in a leaf?
area with big air spaces so that gases can diffuse in and out
41
What is the meristem tissue?
tissue found at growing shoots or roots, which can change into different types of plant cells to allow the plant to grow
42
What do phloem do?
Transport food in all directions around a plant
43
What do xylem do?
Carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves in a plant
44
What is translocation?
The process where food substances are transported around a plant through the phloem.
45
What is transpiration stream?
The movement of water through a plant, which starts by water entering through the roots and ends by water evaporating from the leaves.
46
What affects the rate of transpiration?
Light intensity Temperature Air flow Humidity
47
How are stomata controlled?
By guard cells surrounding the stomata (eg. when the plant has lots of water they open the stomata to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis or close the stomata when there is a lack of water. They also close at night/when it's dark to save water.)
48
What is a tissue?
a group of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function
49
What are muscular tissues?
tissues that contract to move
50
What are glandular tissues?
tissues that make and secrete chemicals (like enzymes and hormones)
51
What are epithelial tissues?
tissues that cover some parts of the body (eg. the inside of the gut)
52
What are organs?
groups of different tissues that work together for a particular function
53
What are enzymes?
biological catalysts
54
What is a catalyst?
a substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up
55
What is an active site?
part of an enzyme that is a particular shape that binds to a particular substrate
56
What is a substrate?
the substance that an enzyme binds to
57
What is the lock and key model?
a model of enzyme action that shows that an enzyme's active site binds to a substrate and breaks it down without the enzyme being changed itself
58
What factors affect enzyme activity?
- pH | - temperature
59
Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity
as temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases at an optimum temperature, the enzyme works best with a temperature any higher than the enzyme's optimum, the enzyme will denature (the enzyme's active site will change shape so that it no longer fits the substrate)
60
Explain how pH affects enzyme activity
all enzymes have an optimum temperature, which they work best at if the pH is any higher or lower, the enzyme will denature (so that the active site changes shape and will no longer fit the substrate)
61
What is the function of digestive enzymes?
to break down big food molecules into smaller molecules that can pass through the walls of the digestive system more easily
62
What is carbohydrase?
the enzyme that converts carbohydrates into simple sugars
63
Which enzyme converts carbohydrates into simple sugars?
carbohydrase
64
Which carbohydrase enzyme breaks down starch?
amylase
65
Where is amylase made?
salivary glands pancreas small intestine
66
What is protease?
the enzyme that converts proteins into amino acids
67
Which enzyme converts proteins into amino acids?
protease
68
Where is protease made?
stomach pancreas small intestine
69
What is lipase?
the enzyme that converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
70
Which enzyme converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids?
lipase
71
Where is lipase made?
pancreas | small intestine
72
Where is bile produced, stored and released?
produced in the liver stored in the gall bladder released into the small intestine
73
What does bile do?
- neutralises acid in the stomach (bile is alkaline) so that enzymes can work efficiently - emulsifies fats (breaks them down into tiny droplets) so that lipase has a bigger surface area to work on, making digestion faster
74
What is the function of the salivary gland?
produces amylase (enzyme) in sailva
75
What is the function of the stomach?
- pummels the food with its muscular walls - produces pepsin (a type of protease enzyme) - produces hydrochloric acid (to kill bacteria and to give the right pH for protease to work)
76
What is the function of the liver?
produces bile
77
What is the function of the gall bladder?
stores bile before it is released into the small intestine
78
What is the function of the pancreas?
produces protease, amylase and lipase and releases them into the small intestine
79
What is the function of the large intestine?
excess water from food is absorbed
80
What is the function of the small intestine?
- produces protease, amylase and lipase to complete digestion - all the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
81
What is the function of the rectum?
stores faeces before it leaves through the anus
82
Where does food travel through the digestive system?
``` mouth gullet (oesophagus) stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus ```
83
What do you use to test for sugars? | And what result do you get if sugar is present?
benedict's solution | changes from blue to brick red
84
What do you use to test for starch? | And what result do you get if starch is present?
iodine solution | changes from browny orange to bluey black
85
What do you use to test for proteins? | And what result do you get if proteins is present?
biuret solution | changes from blue to purple
86
What do you use to test for lipids? | And what result do you get if lipids is present?
sudan 3 solution | the mixture will separate into two layers (where the top layer is bright red)

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions