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Biology GCSE > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

In the lungs, where does air you breathe go?

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange
oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveloi

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3
Q

Why is the circulatory system a DOUBLE circulatory system?

A

There are two circuits joined together.

For each full circuit, the blood passes through the heart twice.

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4
Q

What is carried in the right side of the heart?

A

deoxygenated blood

from body, going to lungs

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5
Q

What is carried in the left side of the heart?

A

oxygenated blood

from lungs, going to body

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6
Q

What does the vena carva do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from body into the right atrium (in the heart)

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle (in the heart) to the lungs

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium (in the heart)

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9
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle (in the heart) to the rest of the body

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10
Q

What is the pacemaker in the heart?

A

group of cells in the right atrium wall that control your resting heart rate by releasing a small electrical impulse to make the muscle cells contract

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11
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from heart

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12
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood into the heart

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13
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Join up arteries and veins

Involved in gas exchange

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14
Q

How are arteries adapted? (And why?)

A

Strong and elastic walls (to withstand high pressure)

Thick walls with layers of muscle and elastic fibre (to help them to stretch and spring back)

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15
Q

How are capillaries adapted? (And why?)

A 
Permeable walls (so that substances can diffuse in and out)
Walls are usually only one cell thick (to increase rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance which diffusion occurs)
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16
Q

How are veins adapted? (And why?)

A 
Big lumen (to help blood to flow despite it being at low pressure)
Valves (to keep blood flowing in the right direction)
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17
Q

What are the main four components in blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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18
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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19
Q

How are red blood cells adapted? (And why?)

A 
biconcave disc shape and no nucleus (gives the cells a large surface area for absorbing oxygen)
contains haemoglobin (pigment that binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin)
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20
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells and what do they each do?

A

Lymphocytes -create antibodies and antitoxins to fight microorganisms and neutralise toxins
Phagocytes -engulf microorganisms

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21
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help to clot blood at a wound (to stop blood loss and to prevent microorganisms coming in)

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22
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells (without a nucleus) in the blood

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23
Q

What is plasma? And what does it do?

A 
Liquid in the blood which carries:
- red and white blood cells and platelets
nutrients (eg. amino acids and glucose)
- carbon dioxide
- urea
- hormones
- proteins
- antibodies and antitoxins
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24
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases?

A

diseases involving the heat or blood vessels, eg coronary heart disease

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25
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

when the coronary arteries (arteries supplying blood to the muscle of the heart) get blocked by layers of fatty material.
This causes the arteries to become narrow so that blood flow can become restricted and there may be a lack of oxygen, resulting in heart attack.

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26
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes inserted inside arteries to keep them open to make sure blood can flow through to the heart muscles.

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27
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A
  • effective for a long time

- recovery time from surgery is quick

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A
  • risk of complications during surgery
  • risk of infection from surgery
  • risk of thrombosis (blood clotting near stent)
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29
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the blood, which slows down the rate of formation of fatty acids.

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30
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A
  • reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
  • can increase amount of beneficial cholesterol in blood
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31
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • long term drug
  • needed to be taken regularly
  • can cause negative side effects, eg. headaches or more extreme ones like kidney failure, memory loss or liver damage
  • effect of statins isn’t instant
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32
Q

What can doctors do if a patient has a heart failure?

A

Perform a heart transplant (using donor organs from people who have recently dies) or fit an artificial heart.

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33
Q

What are the advantages of an artificial heart?

A
  • less likely to be rejected by body than a donor heart

- keeps patient alive until there is an available heart

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34
Q

What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A
  • surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
  • don’t work as well as natural ones; parts of the heart could wear out or electric motor could fail
  • blood doesn’t flow through artificial hearts as smoothly, which can cause blood clots or strokes
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35
Q

What can be done if heart valves are damaged or weakened?

A

Replaced by biological valves (eg. cows, pigs or human)

Replaced by mehcanical valves

36
Q

What is an advantage of a replacement heart valve?

A

-much less drastic procedure than a whole heart transplant

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of replacement heart valves?

A
  • major surgery

- can still be problems with blood clotting

38
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute used to replace a lost volume of blood and can keep patients alive until they produce new blood cells or if not, patients will need a blood transfusion.

39
Q

What happens in the palisade mesophyll tissue in a leaf?

A

photosynthesis

40
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll tissue in a leaf?

A

area with big air spaces so that gases can diffuse in and out

41
Q

What is the meristem tissue?

A

tissue found at growing shoots or roots, which can change into different types of plant cells to allow the plant to grow

42
Q

What do phloem do?

A

Transport food in all directions around a plant

43
Q

What do xylem do?

A

Carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves in a plant

44
Q

What is translocation?

A

The process where food substances are transported around a plant through the phloem.

45
Q

What is transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water through a plant, which starts by water entering through the roots and ends by water evaporating from the leaves.

46
Q

What affects the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
Humidity

47
Q

How are stomata controlled?

A

By guard cells surrounding the stomata
(eg. when the plant has lots of water they open the stomata to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis or close the stomata when there is a lack of water. They also close at night/when it’s dark to save water.)

48
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function

49
Q

What are muscular tissues?

A

tissues that contract to move

50
Q

What are glandular tissues?

A

tissues that make and secrete chemicals (like enzymes and hormones)

51
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

tissues that cover some parts of the body (eg. the inside of the gut)

52
Q

What are organs?

A

groups of different tissues that work together for a particular function

53
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

54
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

55
Q

What is an active site?

A

part of an enzyme that is a particular shape that binds to a particular substrate

56
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the substance that an enzyme binds to

57
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

a model of enzyme action that shows that an enzyme’s active site binds to a substrate and breaks it down without the enzyme being changed itself

58
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A
  • pH

- temperature

59
Q

Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity

A

as temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases
at an optimum temperature, the enzyme works best
with a temperature any higher than the enzyme’s optimum, the enzyme will denature (the enzyme’s active site will change shape so that it no longer fits the substrate)

60
Q

Explain how pH affects enzyme activity

A

all enzymes have an optimum temperature, which they work best at
if the pH is any higher or lower, the enzyme will denature (so that the active site changes shape and will no longer fit the substrate)

61
Q

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

A

to break down big food molecules into smaller molecules that can pass through the walls of the digestive system more easily

62
Q

What is carbohydrase?

A

the enzyme that converts carbohydrates into simple sugars

63
Q

Which enzyme converts carbohydrates into simple sugars?

A

carbohydrase

64
Q

Which carbohydrase enzyme breaks down starch?

A

amylase

65
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine

66
Q

What is protease?

A

the enzyme that converts proteins into amino acids

67
Q

Which enzyme converts proteins into amino acids?

A

protease

68
Q

Where is protease made?

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine

69
Q

What is lipase?

A

the enzyme that converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

70
Q

Which enzyme converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids?

A

lipase

71
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

pancreas

small intestine

72
Q

Where is bile produced, stored and released?

A

produced in the liver
stored in the gall bladder
released into the small intestine

73
Q

What does bile do?

A
  • neutralises acid in the stomach (bile is alkaline) so that enzymes can work efficiently
  • emulsifies fats (breaks them down into tiny droplets) so that lipase has a bigger surface area to work on, making digestion faster
74
Q

What is the function of the salivary gland?

A

produces amylase (enzyme) in sailva

75
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  • pummels the food with its muscular walls
  • produces pepsin (a type of protease enzyme)
  • produces hydrochloric acid (to kill bacteria and to give the right pH for protease to work)
76
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

produces bile

77
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

stores bile before it is released into the small intestine

78
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

produces protease, amylase and lipase and releases them into the small intestine

79
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

excess water from food is absorbed

80
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • produces protease, amylase and lipase to complete digestion
  • all the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
81
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

stores faeces before it leaves through the anus

82
Q

Where does food travel through the digestive system?

A 
mouth
gullet (oesophagus)
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum 
anus
83
Q

What do you use to test for sugars?

And what result do you get if sugar is present?

A

benedict’s solution

changes from blue to brick red

84
Q

What do you use to test for starch?

And what result do you get if starch is present?

A

iodine solution

changes from browny orange to bluey black

85
Q

What do you use to test for proteins?

And what result do you get if proteins is present?

A

biuret solution

changes from blue to purple

86
Q

What do you use to test for lipids?

And what result do you get if lipids is present?

A

sudan 3 solution

the mixture will separate into two layers (where the top layer is bright red)

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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