organisation Flashcards
Describe cells
basic building blocks of all living organisms.
Describe tissues
group of similar cells working together
Describe organ
a group of different tissues working together
Describe organ system
a group of different organs working together
Describe the digestive system
an organ system, several organs work together to digest and absorb nutrients
Describe enzymes
specialised proteins used in the digestive system. Enzymes are biological catalysts
How are enzyme functions described
Lock and key model
The ______ binds to the _______ on the enzyme
a. substrate
b. active site
When does an enzyme denature
when the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme
What causes an enzyme to denature
high temperatures and the wrong pH
Describe carbohydrase enzymes
break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Describe amylase
a type of carbohydrase which breaks down starch into sugars
Describe lipase enzymes
break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Describe protease enzymes
break down protein into amino acids
Where is bile stored and made
made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
What does bile do
neutralises the substances from the stomach and helps to emulsify fats
Describe iodine tests
for starch – pale yellow to blue/black
Describe benedicts tests
for sugar – blue to brick red
Describe biuret reagent tests
for protein – blue to purple
Describe ethanol tests
for fats – clear to cloudy
Describe the circulatory system
made of arteries, veins, capillaries and the heart
How are arteries specialised
thick elastic walls and a small lumen
Describe capillary walls
only one cell thick, so there is a short distance for diffusion
Describe veins
have valves, thinner and less elastic walls and a larger lumen
Describe the main structure of the heart
aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, valves, atria and ventricles
What controls heart rate
a group of cells that act as a pacemaker
Where are the pacemaker cells located
in the right atrium
Describe red blood cells
carry oxygen
Describe white blood cells
destroy pathogens
Describe platelets
clot the blood
Describe plasma
the liquid part of the blood
Describe coronary heart disease
layers of fatty material build up blocking the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces blood flow, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart so less respiration
What do stents do
keep coronary arteries open
What do statins do
reduce blood cholesterol level which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit
Heart valves may become _______ . These can be replaced using _______ or ________ valves.
a. faulty b. biological c. mechanical
How can heart failure be treated
artificial hearts or a heart transplant
Describe health
the state of physical and mental wellbeing.
What causes ill health
communicable and non-communicable diseases
What can have an effect on both physical and mental health
diet, stress, life situations
Describe non communicable diseases
cannot be transmitted and are not caused by pathogens (eg diabetes, heart disease, cancer)
Obesity is a risk factor for which disease?
type 2 diabeties
The effect of smoking is a risk for which diseases?
lung disease and lung cancer
The effects of diet, smoking and exercise are risks for which disease?
cardiovascular disease
Carcinogens are risk factors for which disease?
cancer
What causes cancer
changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth and division
Describe benign tumours
surrounded by a membrane and do not invade other parts of the body
Describe malignant tumour cells
cancers and can spread to different parts of the body
forming secondary tumours
