organisation

Question 1

What is the digestive system?

Answer 1

An organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb nutrients.

Question 2

What are enzymes?

Answer 2

Specialised proteins used in the digestive system that act as biological catalysts.

Question 3

What model describes enzyme function?

Answer 3

The ‘lock and key model’.

Question 4

What binds to the active site on enzymes?

Answer 4

The substrate.

Question 5

What happens to an enzyme when it denatures?

Answer 5

The active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind.

Question 6

What factors can denature enzymes?

Answer 6

High temperatures and the wrong pH.

Question 7

What do carbohydrase enzymes break down?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Question 8

What is amylase?

Answer 8

A type of carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugars.

Question 9

What do lipase enzymes break down?

Answer 9

Fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 10

What do protease enzymes break down?

Answer 10

Protein into amino acids.

Question 11

Where is bile made and stored?

Answer 11

Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

Question 12

What is the function of bile?

Answer 12

Neutralises substances from the stomach and helps to emulsify fats.

Question 13

What does iodine test for?

Answer 13

Starch - changes from pale yellow to blue/black.

Question 14

What does Benedict’s test for?

Answer 14

Sugar - changes from blue to brick red.

Question 15

What does Biuret reagent test for?

Answer 15

Protein - changes from blue to purple.

Question 16

What does ethanol test for?

Answer 16

Fats - changes from clear to cloudy.

Question 17

What components make up the circulatory system?

Answer 17

Arteries, veins, capillaries, and the heart

None

Question 18

What are the characteristics of arteries?

Answer 18

Thick elastic walls and a small lumen

None

Question 19

How thick are capillary walls?

Answer 19

One cell thick

This allows for a short distance for diffusion.

Question 20

What features are found in veins?

Answer 20

Valves, thinner and less elastic walls, larger lumen

None

Question 21

What are the main structures of the heart?

Answer 21

Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, valves, atria, and ventricles

None

Question 22

What controls heart rate?

Answer 22

A group of cells that act as a pacemaker

None

Question 23

Where are the pacemaker cells located?

Answer 23

In the right atrium

None

Question 24

What components does blood contain?

Answer 24

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

None

Question 25

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 25

Carry oxygen ## Footnote None

Question 26

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 26

Destroy pathogens ## Footnote None

Question 27

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 27

Clot the blood ## Footnote None

Question 28

What is plasma?

Answer 28

The liquid part of the blood ## Footnote None

Question 29

What happens in coronary heart disease?

Answer 29

Layers of fatty material build up, blocking coronary arteries ## Footnote This reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart.

Question 30

What is the function of stents?

Answer 30

Keep coronary arteries open ## Footnote None

Question 31

What do statins do?

Answer 31

Reduce blood cholesterol level ## Footnote This slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.

Question 32

What may happen to heart valves?

Answer 32

They may become faulty ## Footnote None

Question 33

How can faulty heart valves be replaced?

Answer 33

Using biological or mechanical valves ## Footnote None

Question 34

What treatments are available for heart failure?

Answer 34

Artificial hearts or a heart transplant ## Footnote None

Question 35

How is health defined?

Answer 35

The state of physical and mental wellbeing ## Footnote None

Question 36

What are the two main types of diseases causing ill health?

Answer 36

Communicable and non-communicable diseases ## Footnote None

Question 37

What factors can affect both physical and mental health?

Answer 37

Diet, stress, life situations ## Footnote None

Question 38

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 38

Diseases that cannot be transmitted and are not caused by pathogens, e.g., diabetes, heart disease, cancer ## Footnote None

Question 39

What are some risk factors linked to an increased chance of getting a disease?

Answer 39

Obesity, smoking, diet, exercise, carcinogens ## Footnote Examples include: * Obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes * Effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer * Effects of diet, smoking, and exercise on cardiovascular disease * Carcinogens as risk factors for cancer.

Question 40

What causes cancer?

Answer 40

Changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth and division ## Footnote None

Question 41

What are benign tumours?

Answer 41

Tumours surrounded by a membrane that do not invade other parts of the body ## Footnote None

Question 42

What are malignant tumours?

Answer 42

Cancer cells that can spread to different parts of the body forming secondary tumours ## Footnote None

Question 43

What tissues are found in a leaf?

Answer 43

Epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem, and stomata surrounded by guard cells ## Footnote None

Question 44

What adaptations do roots have for water uptake?

Answer 44

Root hair cells to increase surface area for uptake of water and mineral ions ## Footnote Water is taken up by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport.

Question 45

What do stomata and guard cells control?

Answer 45

Gas exchange and water loss ## Footnote None

Question 46

What does phloem transport?

Answer 46

Dissolved sugars up and down the plant ## Footnote None

Question 47

What is the movement of food molecules through phloem tissue called?

Answer 47

Translocation ## Footnote None

Question 48

What does xylem transport?

Answer 48

Water and mineral ions from roots to leaves ## Footnote None

Question 49

What is transpiration?

Answer 49

The loss of water at the leaves by evaporation ## Footnote None