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Biology Paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic building blocks of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a function.

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a function.

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5
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing made of organ systems working together.

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6
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

An organ system which works to digest food and absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts, made of protein that speed up reactions.

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8
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

In the digestive system enzymes break down large molecules into small soluble ones.

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9
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ theory?

A

A simple model that shows enzymes as a lock, where only a substrate with the correct shape (key) will bind.

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10
Q

What does optimum mean?

A

The temperature or pH that allows the enzyme to work at its fastest rate.

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11
Q

What does denature mean?

A

If the shape of the active site changes, no substrate can bind. The enzyme can no longer work when its active site is denatured.

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12
Q

What can denature an enzyme active site?

A

Temperatures that are too high and extreme pH can both make the active site change shape and become denatured. This is permanent.

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13
Q

Can low temperatures denature enzymes?

A

No, the enzyme will not change shape if cold but has low kinetic energy so there will be a slower rate of reaction. This is reversible.

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14
Q

What are the enzymes in digestion?

A

Amylase (and other carbohydrases), protease and lipase.

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15
Q

What does amylase do?

A

It is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugars. It is produced in the salivary glands (in the mouth).

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16
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids. They are produced in the stomach and pancreas.

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17
Q

What do lipases do?

A

Break down lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol. They are produced in the small intestine.

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18
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

Break down sugars into glucose. Amylase is a type of carbohydrase, but there are others in the small intestine too.

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19
Q

Why do we need to digest foods?

A

Only small soluble molecules can enter the bloodstream. Enzymes break large molecules into molecules small enough to be soluble.

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20
Q

What do we do with the digested products?

A

Cells build new proteins, carbohydrates and lipids with the molecules we have digested. Some glucose is used in respiration too.

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21
Q

What other chemicals are in the digestive system?

A

Hydrochloric acid is found in the stomach. Bile (made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder) is found in the small intestine.

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22
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

Kills some bacteria on the food we ate. Also provides the optimum pH for stomach enzymes (proteases) to work at a fast rate.

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23
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile is alkaline, so neutralises hydrochloric acid. Also it emulsifies fat droplets, giving a larger surface area for lipase enzymes to work.

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24
Q

What is a qualitative food test?

A

A test that shows if a substance is there or not. A qualitative test doesn’t give a measurement result, just a change of colour.

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25
What is the Benedict's test for sugars?
When sugary food/drink is heated with Benedict's reagent, it turns from blue to brick red (or green). This shows sugar is present.
26
What is the iodine test for starch?
When iodine is added to starchy food, it turns from orange to blue-black. This shows starch is present.
27
What is the Biuret test for protein?
When Biuret reagent is added to food/drink containing protein, it turns from pale blue to lilac. This shows protein is present.
28
What is metabolism?
The rate at which molecules are broken down during digestion and built into new molecules by cells. Sometimes called metabolic rate.
29
What does the heart do?
It is an organ that contracts to pump blood around the body and to the lungs. It is a double pump.
30
Why is the heart called a double pump?
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
31
What blood vessels must you label?
Vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and coronary arteries.
32
What lung structures must you label?
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and capillaries around the alveoli.
33
What controls resting heart rate?
A group of cells in the right atrium acting as a pacemaker. Some people need an artificial pacemaker if their heart rate is irregular.
34
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
35
Why do arteries have muscular/elastic walls?
Arteries carry blood at high pressure, so they need to be elastic and muscular to cope with the surges of blood and smooth out the flow.
36
Why do veins have thin walls and valves?
Veins carry blood at low pressure, so they don't need thick walls. Valves stop blood flowing backwards.
37
Why do capillaries have walls one cell thick?
The walls need to be very thin so diffusion can take place easily.
38
What is blood made up of?
A liquid called plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
39
What do red blood cells do?
They carry oxygen molecules from the lungs to the cells.
40
How are red blood cells adapted for their function?
They have no nucleus for more space for haemoglobin and a biconcave disc shape for flexibility.
41
What do white blood cells do?
They ingest and destroy pathogens, produce antibodies, and produce antitoxins.
42
How are white blood cells adapted for their function?
They have an irregular shape and can change shape easily to reach pathogens.
43
What do platelets do?
They make blood clot when we have a cut, forming a scab to prevent blood loss and stop pathogens.
44
What does plasma do?
Plasma is a watery liquid that transports dissolved molecules around the body.
45
What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?
CHD is when layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, making them narrower.
46
How can CHD be treated?
CHD can be treated with drugs, mechanical devices (stents), or transplants.
47
What are the drugs to treat CHD?
Statins are used to slow the rate that fatty material is put into coronary artery walls.
48
What is the mechanical way to treat CHD?
Stents are pieces of metal mesh tube that open up blocked coronary arteries.
49
What sort of transplants can treat CHD?
Heart valves can be transplanted, and some patients may need a whole heart or heart and lung transplant.
50
Are transplants biological or artificial?
Some transplants are with artificial valves, and some are from a human donor. Occasionally artificial hearts are used while the patient is waiting for a donor heart.
51
What is health?
Health is the physical and mental wellbeing of a person.
52
What types of disease are there?
Some diseases are communicable, which means they can be passed from person to person. Other diseases are non-communicable, which means they can't be passed on, eg CHD.
53
What factors affect health?
As well as disease, diet, stress and life situations can have a large effect on both physical and mental health.
54
Can some diseases trigger other health issues?
Yes, viruses can sometimes trigger cancers to develop. Physical health problems can trigger depression or other mental health issues. A poor immune system can trigger allergies or infections.
55
What is a risk factor?
Any factor that increases the chance of a person suffering poor health.
56
What is a causal mechanism?
If the cause of the risk is proved, we can say there is a causal mechanism. ## Footnote e.g. The effect of obesity on the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes; or the effect of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.
57
Do some diseases have more than one risk factor?
Yes, lots of diseases are caused by different factors interacting.
58
What is cancer?
Cancers are groups of cells called tumours that are the result of changes to the DNA of cells. The cells begin to divide and grow out of control. Uncontrolled cell division causes a lump of tumour cells.
59
What is a benign tumour?
Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells that are contained within a membrane, so don't invade other parts of the body.
60
What is a malignant tumour?
Malignant tumours are cancers. They can enter the blood and spread to other parts of the body where they form secondary tumours.
61
Do lifestyle risk factors affect cancers?
Yes, scientists have identified lifestyle risks for several types of cancer. ## Footnote e.g. Tar in cigarette smoke is a risk factor for lung and throat cancers.
62
Do genetic risk factors affect cancers?
Yes, scientists have identified that some cancers have genetic risk factors. ## Footnote e.g. BRCA1 gene is a genetic risk factor for a type of cancer.
63
What organs do plants have?
Plant organs are the leaf, stem and root. Just like in animals, organs are made of different tissues working together to carry out a function.
64
What are the tissues in a leaf?
Epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem and guard cells (surrounding the stomata).
65
What is the function of epidermis tissue?
Epidermis is the surface tissues of a plant. The top and bottom surfaces of a leaf are called the upper and lower epidermis.
66
What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?
Palisade mesophyll is the tissue layer under the upper epidermis. Its cells have the most chloroplasts as they get the most light reaching them. Their function is to carry out photosynthesis.
67
What is the function of spongy mesophyll tissue?
Spongy mesophyll is the tissue layer below the palisade cells. The cells are irregular shapes to allow lots of air spaces to exist between cells, so gas exchange can occur efficiently.
68
What is the function of xylem tissue?
Xylem tissue is found in a bundle with phloem and meristem tissues. Xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves for photosynthesis.
69
How is xylem tissue adapted for its function?
Xylem tissue is made of long hollow tubes, with a substance called lignin in the cell walls to make it strong. Water moves through the hollow tubes in a transpiration stream.
70
What is the function of phloem tissue?
Phloem tissue is found in a bundle with xylem and meristem tissues. Phloem transports sugars and amino acids in solution from leaves to other organs.
71
How is phloem tissue adapted for its function?
Phloem is made of long tubular cells, and the top and bottom of each cell has pores (holes like a sieve) to allow cell sap, full of sugars, to move from one phloem cell to the next.
72
What is the function of meristem tissue?
Meristem tissue is found at the tips of roots and shoots which are the growing regions of a plant. Meristem contains stem cells which produce new cells for the plant to grow.
73
What is the function of guard cells?
Guard cells are found in pairs surrounding each of the stomata. They can change shape to make the stomata open or close. If the plant is losing too much water, the guard cells will close the stomata.
74
What are stomata?
Tiny holes found in the lower epidermis. They allow gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration, but also allow water to evaporate out.
75
What is transpiration?
The movement of water through the plant from the root hair cells all the way up the xylem to the stomata in the leaves.
76
What factors affect transpiration?
Transpiration occurs due to evaporation of water out of the stomata. So the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in • temperature • light intensity • humidity • wind
77
How are root hair cells adapted for their function?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to take up maximum water by osmosis. They are also adapted to take up minerals by active transport by having lots of mitochondria.
78
What is translocation?
The movement of sugars and other solutes in the phloem, from leaves to other organs (e.g. roots and fruits).
79
What is a plant organ system?
The leaves, stem and roots are an organ system designed to move substances around the plant.

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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