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Organics Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about Organic chemicals and metals?

A
  1. Non-radioactive metals
  2. Trace Metals
  3. Synthetic organic compounds
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2
Q

Non-radioactive metal traits

A

Can be transformed but not broken down to “inert substances” (not reactive)

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3
Q

Metabolic products of org. chemicals

A
  1. Mostly transformed to benign products

2. Rarely, more bio reactive and potentially toxic than parent compounds

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4
Q

Organic compounds

A
  1. Some are essential (AA, lipids, vitamins)
  2. Many metals have dissolved in seawater that are essential for some organisms
  3. Many are liphophilic
  4. End up in fatty tissue
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5
Q

Trace metals

A

Trace metals in ocean do not volatize from the ocean

  • important process leading to transportation of POPs
    • Exception- Hg and some metalloids
  • high assimilation that gets built up food chain
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6
Q

What makes org contaminants marine pollutants?

A
  1. High bioaccumulation potential
    - Low aqueous solubility (water dissolving)
    - Small enough to pass membranes
  2. High specificty or active sits of enzymes/receptors at membranes
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7
Q

POP’s are not drinking water pollutants

A
  1. Limited solubility
    - water minor introduction
  2. Absorb to soils, reducing concentration
    - Want to stick to solids
    - High Kd values
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8
Q

Biomagnification

A
  1. Increase in conc. of contaminant as you move up the food wed
  2. To biomagnify… org chemicals have to be hydrophobic and stable to transformations
    - Chemical contaminant levels increase with age
  3. Low excretion rates
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9
Q

Components of crude oil

A

Paraffins (alkanes) (least soluble)
Naphthenes (Cycloalkenes)
Mono-aromatic compounds and 2-ring naphthalene
Cyclic, often aromatic aromatic compounds that possess elements other than C and H are referred to as hetrocylci compounds

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10
Q

Halogens (I, Br, Cl, Fl)

A

Important in affecting likelihood org chemicals to be marine pollutants
Bonds are harder to break
Make more hydrophobic

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11
Q

Freons (Fluorines)

A
  • C-Cl bond only broken in stratosphere
  • Stable in the ocean
  • Serves as oceanic water mass transport tracers
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12
Q

Modern pesticides

A

have H bonds with O,N,S

  • Hydrogen bonding with water
  • More soluble
  • Less volatilization from water
  • More persistent
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13
Q

Pyrethoids

A

-More hydrophobic
-More likely to accumulate in solid/sediment
Type 1— easily degradable
Type 2— Stable in env.
*Chrysanthemum

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14
Q

Brominated

A

Flame retardant

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15
Q

Persistent Organic Pollutants

A
  • Stable molecules (persist for long)
  • Transport via wind (long range)
  • Can accumulate in organisms (biomag.)
  • Pose risk to human health and env.
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16
Q

Stockholm Convention

A

Over 90 countries promise to reduce POP use

-info made to public, education, research, monitoring

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17
Q

Dirty dozen

A

Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor,
Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, PCBs,Chlorinated dioxins and furans
**Polychlorinated hydrocarbons
-Stable
-Do not degrade to less toxic forms
-Low solubility in water
-Soluble in fats and lipid membranes

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18
Q

Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)

A

-Ratio of con. of chemical in octanol divided by conc in water
High Kow= higher bioaccumulation
Indicate how hydrophobic
*** Provide indication of tendency to accumulate in tissues

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19
Q

Fukushima

A

20k people died from explosion but none from radiation
Released 100 mill radioactivity
-Iodine
-Cesium (also naturally abundance in seawater)

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20
Q

Sampling radioactivity of fukushima

A

Used Zooplankton and anthropogenic radioisotopes

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21
Q

Iodine

A

I131- 8 day half life
1 year after- none left
I127- stable
present concentrations

22
Q

Cesium

A
  • Much longer halflife of 30 or 2.1
  • Non-essential for all org.
  • Higher uptake in freshwaters closer to land
  • Modest mag in food chain (low in water high in food)
  • Highly assimilated in fish (muscles)
23
Q

Pesticides

A

Kill potential disease causing organisms and control insects, weeds, and other pests

  • Enters surface waters through leakage, spills, runoff
  • Highest concentrations at coast
24
Q

DDT (pesticide) properties

A

Used for agriculture and mosquito control

  • Stable and persistent
  • —When sprayed, its there for decades
  • Semi-volatile
  • Low aqueous solubility
  • —Soluble is oil and fat
  • Bioaccumulates
25
POP Migration process
Sprayed at low lat areas and disperses to high lat areas cia wind
26
Effects of POP in animals
Effects on nervous system, and immune systems Toxic to many aquatic invertebrates Shell thinning Competes with estrogen for binding at receptor leading to sexual impairments
27
DDT in mosquito control
- Long-acting - Cost-effective - Sprayed on walls - Reduces survival if mosquitos come into contact
28
Nuclear energy
- Small waste generated - Radioactive fuel source - Generates almost no CO2 - Cleanest fuel
29
Alpha particle (He nuclei)
-Large and easily stopped -Deadly if ingested -Collides with DNA that can lead to mutations and cancer Abundant in Polonium (found in soil by tobacco)
30
Beta rays
Travel faster, further, easily deflected (x-rays)
31
Primordial radionuclides
``` residues from big bang. Looong half lives 40K most important -Significant source of radioactivity - Essential for all living org -Common in oceans -Most radioactivity in seawater Uranium and Thorium (stable) U- heaviest naturally occurring ---Doesn't stick ```
32
Cosmic rays
High energy atomic nuclei | Produce radioactive nuclei- 3H and 14C
33
Transuranics in radioactive waste
Man-made elements released through nuclear weapons testing Neptunium- just exist Plutonium- BIG deal. Extremely toxic. 2nd most toxic substance, causes cancer.. Long half-life Americium- Very toxic
34
How to get rid of waste
- Stick under land - Under ocean floor - Into space - Convert to non-radioactive
35
Site of disposal
``` Isolated from living things Not near natural disaster areas Not near water Cannisters -- If escaped from cannister, would stick to sediment ```
36
Radioactivity input into oceans
All from nuclear testing. Small amount from dumping
37
Weapons testing
Input Uranium and Plutonium - Entered as fallout - Plutonium has a HL of 24.4k years
38
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Refined or crude oil | Has chemical, physical and biological properties
39
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Fewer rings = lower weight = solubilize most in seawater- quickly volatilized- easily degraded = more toxic
40
PAH's
More persistent Very low water solubility Linked out outbreaks of cancer in aquatic species
41
Oil spills
Sudden release of large volumes of oil | Persistent in sediments and shores
42
Process of break down
Enters water.. | Evaporation - dispersion - dissolution - oxidation - emulsification - spreading
43
Tar balls
Form on beach High mol. weight hydrocarbons- toxic Form after oxidation by light Mousse turns into tar balls after further photoxidation
44
Fate of oil spills
Contaminants will seep through beach | Not easily degraded/ cleaned
45
Acute Effects of oil
Accumulation in membranes affecting function oiling on surfaces death narcosis
46
Chronic Effects of oil
reduced feeding, growth, reproduction behavioral deficits genetic damage and carcinogenesis reduced immune function
47
Clean up efforts
Booms and skimmers to contain/ collect Dispersants Controlled fires
48
Dispersants
PRO One end attracted to water, the other oil. Helps the oil break down Minimize exposure of oil slicks to animals CON Negative affects to marine organisms Bioaccumulation Marine snow
49
Eutrophication
- Excess in nutrients (N ad P) from run off from agriculture/ industries. - Increase in dense plant growth - no oxygen so death - --See an increase in phytoplankton = strip oxygen = release bacteria that chews up organic matter. - See altered trophic interactions, inc. mortality/growth of fish, toxic blooms.
50
Michaelis-Menten
predict the rate of product formation in enzymatic reactions for more than a century.
51
Water Treatment
Reduce O2 in water Remove pathogens Remove solids Remove N and P

Marine Pollution (1 decks)

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