organication Flashcards
A
patient has a disease. The disease damages his pancreas.
A
doctor prescribes a course of treatment for the patient:
‘Take
one capsule with each meal.’
Each capsule contains hundreds of small, dry
beads.
The beads are made of enzymes. The pancreas normally produces these enzymes.
The outer coating of the capsule is made of lipid.
1
(a)
One enzyme in the beads is lipase.
In
a healthy person, lipase is made in the pancreas.
Name
two other enzymes made in the pancreas of a healthy person.
1.
2.
(2)
protease
amylase
The lipid coating on the capsule makes sure that the enzymes are not released until the
capsule reaches the small intestine.
Explain
how.
Lipase (that breaks down the fat) in the small intestine.There is no lipase in the stomach as it is not a good environment for lipase
The lipase in the beads does not digest the lipid coating around the capsule.
Suggest
why.
enzymes only work at the presence of water
Explain why less light passes through the mixture when the starch is more concentrated.
mixture becomes dark
The manufacturer adds carbohydrase from each of three different microorganisms, A B
and
C , to starch in flasks at 40 40°C.
Every minute
a sample of the mixture is added to iodine solution and placed in the
colorimeter.
Graph
2 shows these results.
(i)
When the concentration of starch reaches 2 %, digestion is considered to be
sufficient for the next stage in the manufacture of the slimming food.
How long does this take for the most effective carbohydrase?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
minutes
(2)
around 7 minutes
Explain why the manufacturer of the enzyme carried out the investigation at
40°C.
at this temperature enzymes work best
Name the enzyme which would be used to convert glucose into fructose.
isomarase
Explain why fructose, rather than glucose, is used in slimming
foods.
Fructose is sweeter that sugar so less is needed to make the product sweet
What name is given to an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of protein?
protease
What product is formed when protein is broken down by the
enzyme?
(
amino acid
pH
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Rate
of formation of product
in mmol per minute
10.5
23.0
10.5
2.5
0.0
The enzyme is produced by the human digestive system.
(i)
At what pH does this enzyme work best?
(1)
2
Suggest which part of the digestive system produces this
enzyme that works the bast at 2ph.
(1)
stomach
Why is it necessary to break down proteins in the digestive system?
proteins are too large to be absorbed by gut
Name the type of enzyme that digests stains containing fats.
Lipase
A new detergent is marketed as being ‘environmentally friendly’.
Scientists compared the performance of this new detergent with an existing
detergent.
They measured the time taken by the two detergents to remove
a fat stain at different
temperatures.
The graph shows their
results.
Describe the effect of increasing the temperature on the time taken by the existing
detergent to remove the stain.
the best temperature for the enzyme is around 40.
at first as themerature increases the ability to remove the stains increases, but then when the temerature is too high, the ability to remove stains decreases.
The new detergent works at
a lower temperature than the existing one.
Is
the new detergent likely to be more ‘environmentally friendly’ than the existing
detergent?
Draw
a ring around your answer. Yes No
Explain the reason for your
answer.
(
yes, the lastt heat is needed so less energy is used; therefore, less polution.
Neither detergent works well at 60 60°C.
Explain
why.
enzymes are destroyed
A
group of students investigated the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme lipase.
The
students:
•
put 1 cm 3 of lipase solution into a test tube
•
put 5 cm 3 of lipid into a different test tube
•
put both tubes in a water bath at 5 °C for 3 minutes
•
mixed the lipid with the lipase solution.
5
Every five minutes the students tested
a sample of the mixture for lipid, until no lipid remained.
The students repeated the experiment at different temperatures.
(a)
To make their investigation fair the students needed to control some variables.
Give
one variable the students controlled in their investigation.
(1)
same volume of lipase solution
The tubes of lipase solution and lipid were kept separately in the water bath for 3 minutes
before mixing. Why?
So that the lipase and the lipid reached the right
temperature
Describe the effect on the breakdown of the lipid of increasing the temperature from 5 °C to
5050°C.
(
Temperature in °C
Time taken until no lipid remained in minutes
5 40
20 15
35 5
50 30
95 lipid still there after 120 minutes
according to the table the best temperature is 35. as the temperature increasesover 35, more lipids remain
Suggest two ways in which the students could have improved their investigation.
Use information from
the students’ method and the results table to help you.
1: repeat the investigation
2. compare the result with others
The lipase did not break down the lipid at 95°C.
Why?
lisase is destroyed at such temperature
Diagram
1 shows two villi in the small intestine of a healthy person.
Describe two features of the villi which help the small intestine to function.
1.
2.
(2)
large surface area
smallintenstines have enzymes
Diagram 2 shows two villi in the small intestine of a person with coeliac disease.
How do the villi of the person with coeliac disease differ from those of a healthy
person?
smaller surface area
The human lung has about 80 million
alveoli.
The diagram shows some alveoli in
a human lung.
(a)
Give three features of the alveoli that allow large amounts of oxygen to enter the blood.
1.
2.
3.
(3)
1: large surface area
2: good blood supply
3: short distance from air to blood
Diagram 1 shows part of the breathing system.
Diagram
1
1
(i)
Use words from the box to name the parts labelled A , B , C and D
alveolus
diaphragm lung rib trachea
A
B
C
D
(4)
a: lung
b:rib
c:diaphragm
d:alveolus
Parts
B and C move when we breathe in
Part
B moves
Part
C moves
(2)
Part
B moves up and out
Part
C moves down
Read the volume of each breath and write the volume in the table.
breath 1: 1640
breath 2: 1440
breath 3: 1720
Photograph 1 shows a different piece of apparatus used to measure the volume of air that
a person can breathe in one breath.
When the student breathes out through the apparatus the pointer on the scale moves. The
When the student breathes out through the apparatus the pointer on the scale moves. The pointer stays in the same position when the student haspointer stays in the same position when the student hasfinished.finished.
Explain
Explain one one advantage, apart from size, of using this apparatus rather than the apparatus advantage, apart from size, of using this apparatus rather than the apparatus described in partdescribed in part(b)(b)..
(
less likley for the error reading to happen
Photograph 2 shows one type of mechanical ventilator.
Use information from Photograph 2 to suggest how this type of ventilator works.
positive pressure ventilator
Biological detergents contain protease enzymes.
(a)
The drawings show some apparatus and materials.
In this question you will be assessed
on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Describe how you would use the apparatus and materials shown in the drawings to find the
best temperature for removing stains from clothing.
You
should include how you would make the investigation a fair test.
pH
Measure equal volume of detergent soltion.Apply the same amoun of stain to each clothing. Inlude clean cloth as a control.Use forceps to move the cloths.Measure the temperature of water in each bowl. Keepcoths for the same amount of time in the bowl. Dry out the clothes and assess the stain removal in difference temperatures.
Scientists investigated the stability of a protease enzyme. The protease enzyme was
extracted from plants.
The
scientists:
•
pre incubated samples of the enzyme at various temperatures for 30 minutes
•
put each sample on ice for a further 10 minutes
•
measured the percentage (%) remaining activity of the enzyme in each sample.
This was done by incubating each sample with protein at 37 °C for 6 hours.
According to the graph the activity of the enzyme is very high in such temperature. Higher temparature will not have mych effect on stains, but it will increase costs and may cause damage to the cloth.
Give one control variable in this investigation.
(1)
type of fruit
On the diagram (which shows the heart), name the parts labelled A , B , C and D
a) aorta
b) ventricle
c) atrium
d) vena cava
Name blood vessel E
coronary artery
Name the types of blood vessel labelled F , G and H
f) artery
g) capilary
h) vain
Give
one way in which the composition of the blood in vessel F is different from the
composition of the blood in vessel H
pulmonary artery has less oxygen
What is the optimum (best) pH for the action of enzyme Z
according to the graph 8.6
Which enzyme,
X , Y or Z , will work best in the human stomach?
x
