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Organic Chemistry! 👩🏻‍🔬 > Organic Transformations > Flashcards

Organic Transformations Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we distinguish between a primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure?

A

By the number of R groups or non hydrogen groups

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2
Q

What reactions does alkanes undergo?

A

Substitution reactions

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3
Q

When a alkane reacts with a halogen what is formed?

A

Alkyl halide

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4
Q

What conditions are needed for the reaction between an alkane and a halide? and what is the product of the reaction (not the alkyl halide)

A

UV light or heat and HCL

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5
Q

When excess halogen reacts with the alkane, what kind of substitution occurs? and also name it for the excess as well

A

TOTAL HALOGENATION- The halogen is substituted each carbon molecule. PARTIAL HALOGENATION- The halogen is substituted in only one of the carbon molecule

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6
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated? and say why?

A

Saturated and because of the double bonds

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7
Q

Which is more reactive? Alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alkaenes because they are unsaturated

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8
Q

What kind of reactions does alkenes undergo?

A

Addition reactions

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9
Q

Name all the reactions alkenes undergo

A

Halogenation, Hydrogenation and Oxidation by potassium permanganate

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10
Q

When alkenes react with a halogen what is formed?

A

Alkyl halide

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11
Q

What is needed for the reaction? (alkene and halogen)

A

Alkene + Halogen

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12
Q

When CL2 reacts with an alkene, what colour is formed?

A

CL2 (g) is decolorized (pale green to colourless)

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13
Q

What are the two different conditions for a halogenation reaction with Bromine and alkene?

A

-Inert bromine
-Bromine in Water

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14
Q

What is formed when inert bromine (l) is reacted with an alkene? and what colour is formed?

A

An Alkyl bromine is formed. Both bromine atoms are added to each carbon atom of the double bond.

Br (l) is decolourized (goes from red to colourless)

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15
Q

When bromine is added to water what is formed? and what colour is formed?

A

A halohydrin is formed where one BR and One OH are added to the carbon atoms of the double bond. Bromine water is decolourized from yellow to colourless.

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16
Q

What reaction can be used to distinguish between an alkane and alkene?

A

We can react alkenes with halides in the dark or light BUT alkenes can ONLY react at light..
1. Add both halogen to both dark and light and only the alkene will react. Br (l) is decolourized

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17
Q

When we say hydrohalogenation, what does that mean?

A

Hydrogen + Halide added to the chain

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18
Q

Draw a reaction to show the hydrohalogenation of C2H4

A
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19
Q

What are the all functional groups that alkenes can be converted to?

A

Alcohols, carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids

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20
Q

Alkenes will form different products with potassium permanganate depending on the conditions of:

A

-Temperature and conc of KMn04

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21
Q

When cold KMnO4 is added to a alkene what is formed?

A

A diol or di-alcohol, two OH molecules become attached.

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22
Q

When Cold dilute KMnO4 is reacted, what colour is formed?

A

Purple to colourless. KMn04 is decolourized

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23
Q

With HOT concentrated KMnO4 is added to an alkene what is formed?

A

The C=C bonds are cleaved and an aldehyde or ketone is formed. where an carboxlyic acid can be formed if aldehydes are further oxidized

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24
Q

Draw a reaction with HOT CONC KMn0 and C2H2R2 to show this reaction

A
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25
Q

What can an aldehyde be converted to and can a ketone be converted the same way?

A

Carboxlyic acid and no. A carbon = bond must have an H atom atttached if a carboxlyic acid is to be formed.

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26
Q

If NO H atoms are present, what can be formed? and what colour is the reaction?

A

ketone and the colour change is from purple to colourless

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27
Q

In general what does the reaction on ozonlysis do with a reducing agent?

A

It aims to prevent the aldehyde from being oxidized into a carboxlyix acid

28
Q

The extent of oxidative cleavage (whether the products stop at the carbonyl stage or go to the carboxylic acid depends on?

A

-The structure of the alkene
-The conditions of ozonlyosis

29
Q

When ozone reacts with water and no reducing agent what is formed?

A

Ketone or aldehyde which can be converted to a carbox

30
Q

Draw the reaction of an alkene with ozonlyosis

A
31
Q

When should the reducing agent be added to the ozonlysis reaction?

A

After the treatment of the alkene with ozone, then the oxidation would stop at the carbonyl stage. NO MATTER THE STRUCTURE, NO CARBOX ACID IS FORMED

32
Q

What are the reducing aents that can be used? for O3

A

ZN/H20, ZN/H2S, ZN/CH3COOH FE/CH3COOH

33
Q

Draw a reaction to show an alkene reacting to form an aldehyde with O3 and reducing agent

A
34
Q

Look at the list of Oxidative Cleavage and draw all the structures

A
35
Q

List all what alkyl halides can be converted to..

A

To an alcohol
To an Nitrile (both are subs rxn)

UNDERGOES ELIMINITATION REACTION TOO to form a alkene

36
Q

What are the conditions to convert a Alkyl halide to an alcohol?

A

-Dilute NaOH
-reflux
-remove the BR and replace it with OH

37
Q

What are the conditions to convert a alkyl halide to a nitrile?

A

-NaCN (or KCN) with ethanol under reflux. Replace the halogen with the CN group. CN adds another carbon.

38
Q

In Elimination reaction, what does a halogen form?

A

An alkene so the HX is removed

39
Q

What are the conditions for the elimination reaction alkyl halogen? and where do we attach the double bond?

A

conc NaOH (strong base C2H5O-Na) /ethanol under reflux. Remove whatever is on the double bond.

40
Q

What are all the conversions alcohols can undergo?

A

-Akyl halide
-To an alkene
Carboxlyic acid
Aldehyde

41
Q

What are the conditions to convert an alcohol to a alkyl halide?

A

CL- SOCL2 reflux
Br- P (red) + Br (l)/ reflux
I- P (red) + I2 (s)/ reflux

replace the OH with the halogen

42
Q

What conditions to you need for the dehydration (eliminiation of water) of alcohol to alkene?

A

Conc H2SO4 under reflux
replace the OH group with H and add back the double bond

43
Q

What conditions are needed to oxidize a alcohol directly to a carbox acid? (use strong oxidising agents)

A

K2Cr2O7/ dilH2SO4 under reflux.
OR
KMnO4. dilH204 under reflux
replace the OH with OOH

44
Q

wat is the colour reaction of the reaction of alcohols directly to a carbox acid?

A

Colour change from orange to green

Purple to colourless

45
Q

In terms of the oxidation of alcohol, if the carbon earing the alcogol group only has 1 HYDROEN oxidation stops at what stage? or if it it a secondary alcohol

A

KTONEEE

46
Q

How can we control the oxidation of alcohol? so what is produced wen we limit alcohol?

A

By using milder oxidising conditions like
-Limiting cold KMnO4/ H2SO4
PCC
MnO2
An Aldehyde

47
Q

What can be used to oxidize aldehydes acids to carbox

A

KMnO4./ dilH2so4
or K2Cr2O7/Dil H2SO4

48
Q

What are alll the reactions carboxlyic acids can undergo?

A

Ester formation
Acid chloride formation
Reduction of carboxylic aicd to an alcohol
Selective reduction of carbox to aldehyde

49
Q

How can we form an ester?

A

Carboxlyic acid reacted with catalytic amt of H+ (H2SO4) and alcohol. Replace the R group on the alcohol to it in the ester and water is a product

50
Q

How can we form a acid chloride?

A

React a carboxlyic acid with SOCL2

51
Q

What is another way of forming a ESTER? and what is the product other than ester

A

Reacting a acid halide with OH and conc H2SO and the product is HCL, also we can use acid halide because it reacts more than carbox and forms esters more readily

52
Q

How can we convert an carbox to an alcohol?

A

Using a strong reducing agent like LiALH4/reflux or H2/N2 can be used to convert carboxylic acid back to its parent alcohol

53
Q

How can we selectively reduce an alcohol an to an aldehyde instead of an carbox

A

By using a weak reducing agent like NaBH4 or ZN/CH3COOH

54
Q

What are all the reactions nitriles can do?

A
  • Hydrolysis of a nitrile to a carboxlyic acid
    -Reduction of nitile to amines
    -Conversions of a carbonyl to hydroxynitrile
55
Q

What conditions are needed to convert a nitrile to a carbox

A

dil H2SO4/reflux

56
Q

How can we convert a nitrile to a amine? (conditions)

A

LiALH4/reflux
H2/Ni to form a amine

57
Q

How can we convert a carbonyl compound to a hydroxynitrile?

A

Using KCN or NaCN under dil NaOh or dil H+

58
Q

What are all the reactions amines can undergo?

A

-forming an amine from alkyl halides
-Formation of a quaternary ammonium salt

59
Q

how can we generate a amine?

A

Can be generated reacting alkyl halides with ammonia in ethanol

60
Q

How can we form a quaternary ammonium salt?

A

React an amine with CH3-X (alkyl halide) The degree of substitution on nitrogen depends on the amount of alkyl halide added (the more alkyl halide gives more substitution of H atoms on N

61
Q

How can we form a amide from a acid halide?

A

React the acid halide with NH3 and the product will he HCL

62
Q

How can a amide be converted to an amine?

A

Using LiAlH4 or H2/NI

63
Q

What else can be added to the acid halide to form a amide?

A

An amine

64
Q

What is the conditions of the Hoffmann Degradation reaction?

A

Br2(l), conc NAOH under reflux and it shortens the carbon chain of the amide by one carbon C=O is removed.

65
Q

How can we convert a nitro compound to a amine?

A

React it with Sn/conc HCL

Organic Chemistry! 👩🏻‍🔬 (3 decks)

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