Organic Synthetic Routes Flashcards
Alkane -> Haloalkane
X2 UV light Free-radical substitution 1)Initiation- Cl2->2Cl• (UV light) 2)Propagation- Cl•+CH4->CH3•+HCl Cl2+CH3•->CH3Cl+Cl• 3)Termination- Cl•+Cl•->Cl2 CH3•+CH3• -> C2H6• etc..
Alkene -> Dihaloalkane
Reagents: Halogen
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Alkene -> Haloalkane
Reagents: HX (e.g. HBr)
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane -> Amine
Reagents: Excess ethanolic ammonia
Conditions: Heat
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Haloalkane -> Nitrile
Reagent: NaCN/ KCN ; ethanol
Conditions: reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Nitrile -> Amine
Reagents: H2, Ni catalyst
Conditions: High temp. and pressure
Mechanism: catalytic hydrogenation
Alkene -> Alcohol
Reagents: Steam, Phosphoric acid catalyst
Conditions: 300°C and 60-70 atm
Mechanism: Hydration
Alcohol -> Alkene
Reagents: conc. phosphoric acid
Conditions: 170°C
Mechanism: Elimination
Alcohol -> Haloalkane
Reagents: NaX, Sulfuric acid catalyst
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Haloalkane -> alcohol
Reagents: NaOH or H2O
Conditions: reflux
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Alcohol -> Ester
Reagents: Carboxylic Acid/ Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride & Conc. Sulfuric Acid
Conditions: Reflux (w/ carboxylic acid)
Mechanism: Esterification
Ester- Acid Hydrolysis
Reagents: Water
Products: carboxylic acid and alcohol
Conditions: Reflux & dilute Sulfuric acid catalyst
Mechanism: Hydrolysis
Ester- Base Hydrolysis
Reagents: dilyte NaOH
Products: Carbooxylate salt and Alcohol
Conditions: Reflux
Mechanism: Hydrolysis (or saponification)
Alcohol -> Aldehyde
Reagents: Primary alcohol & K2Cr2O7/H+ i.e. acidified potassium dichromate & Sulfuric acid
Conditions: Distil
Mechanism: Oxidation
Observation: Orange -> Green
Alcohol -> Carboxylic Acid
Reagents: Primary alcohol & acidified potassium dichromate & Sulfuric acid
Conditions: Reflux
Mechanism: Oxidation
Observation: Orange -> Green