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Organic Synthesis Routes - Warren 2023 > Organic Synthesis Routes > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Routes Flashcards

1
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

A

Alcohol + Conc. H2SO4
Heat
Esterification

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2
Q

2° Alcohol to Ketone

A

K2Cr2O7/H+ (Acidified Potassium Dichromate)
Heat and Reflux
Oxidation

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3
Q

Alcohol to Ester

A

Carboxylic acid + Conc H2SO4 OR Acid Anhydride
Heat
Esterification

(Esters and amides can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids)

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4
Q

Nitrile OR Hydroxynitrile to Carboxylic Acid

A

H2O, HCl
Heat

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5
Q

Alkene to Dihalogenoalkane

A

Br2, Cl2
Room Temp
Electrophilic Addition

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6
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to Ester

A

Alcohol
Room Temp
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

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7
Q

Aldehyde to Alcohol

A

NaBH4
Reduction
Nucleophilic Addition

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8
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to 2° Amide

A

1° Amine
Room Temp
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

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9
Q

Alkene to Halogenoalkane

A

Hydrogen Halide (HBr, HCl)
Room Temp
Electrophilic Addition

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10
Q

Alkene to Alkane

A

H2/Ni

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11
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to Carboxylic Acid

A

H2O
Room Temp
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

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12
Q

Alkene to Polyalkene

A

High Pressure Catalyst

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13
Q

Ketone to Alcohol

A

NaBH4
Reduction
Nucleophilic Addition

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14
Q

Nitrile to 1° Amine

A

LiAlH4 in ether OR H2/Ni
Reduction

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15
Q

Alcohol to Alkene

A

Conc. H2SO4 OR Conc. H3PO4
Heat
Elimination
Dehydration

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16
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alkene

A

KOH Alcoholic
Heat under Reflux
Elimination

17
Q

Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN + H2SO4
Nucleophilic Addition

18
Q

Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN + H2SO4
Nucleophilic Addition

19
Q

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

A

(If primary) K2Cr2O7/H+ (Acidified Potassium Dichromate)
Heat under Reflux + Excess Oxidising Agent
Oxidation

20
Q

Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

A

K2Cr2O7/H+ (Acidified Potassium Dichromate)
Heat and Reflux
Oxidation

21
Q

Halogenoalkane to 1° Amine

A

Alcoholic NH3
Heat under Pressure
Nucleophilic Substitution

22
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

A

KOH OR NaOH Aqueous
Heat under Reflux
Nucleophilic Substitution

23
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride

A

SOCl2

24
Q

Primary Amine to 2°, 3° or 4° Amine

A

Halogenoalkane
Nucleophilic Substitution

25
Q

Dihalogenoalkane to Diol

A

Aqueous KOH
Heat under Reflux
Nucleophilic Substitution

26
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to 1° Amide

A

NH3
Room Temp
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

27
Q

Alcohol to Haloalkane

A

Sodium Halide
H2SO4

28
Q

Hydroxynitrile to Amine

A

H2/Ni

29
Q

1° Alcohol to Aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7/H+ (Acidified Potassium Dichromate)
Heat and Distill
Partial Oxidation

30
Q

Alkane to Halogenoalkane

A

Br2, Cl2
UV light
Free Radical Substitution

31
Q

1° Amine to 2° Amide

A

Acyl chloride
Room temp
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

32
Q

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

A

KCN in ethanol / water mixture
Heat under Reflux
Nucleophilic Substitution

33
Q

Alkene to Alcohol

A

Step 1:
H2SO4 / H3PO4
Electrophilic Addition

Step 2:
H2O
Warm
Hydrolysis

34
Q

Ester to Carboxylate

A

OH-
Heat

35
Q

Ester to Carboxylic Acid

A

Dilute Acid
Heat

Organic Synthesis Routes - Warren 2023 (1 decks)

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