organic synthesis routes Flashcards
alkene to poly(alkene)
high pressure catalyst
polymerisation
alkene to dihalogenoalkane
Br2, Cl2
room temp
electrophilic addition
alkene to a diol
KMnO4
oxidation
alkene to alkane
H2
nickel catalyst
addition/reduction
alkene to halogenoalkane
HBr, HCl
room temp
electrophilic addition
alkene to alcohol
H2O
conc H3PO4 catalyst
dihalogenoalkane to diol
KOH aqueous
heat under reflux
nucleophilic substitution
halogenoalkane to alkene
KOH alcoholic heat under reflux
elimination
alcohol to alkene
conc H3PO4
elimination
dehydration
halogenoalkane to alcohol
KOH aqueous
heat under reflux
nucleophilic substitution
alcohol to halogenoalkane
PCl5, NaBr/H2SO4 , P + I2
heat under reflux
substitution
halogenoalkane to amine
alcoholic NH3
heat under pressure
nucleophilic substitution
halogenoalkane to nitrile
CN- in ethanol/water mixture
nucleophilic substitution
nitrile to amine
LiAlH4
reduction
amine to secondary amide
acyl chloride
room temp
nucleophilic addition/elimination
amine to secondary and tertiary amine
halogenoalkane
nucleophilic substitution
nitrile to carboxylic acid
acid hydrolysis
heat with dilute acid e.g HCL
acyl chloride to secondary amide
room temp
primary amine
acyl chloride to primary amide
NH3
room temp
acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
H2O
room temp
acyl chloride to ester
alcohol
room temp
carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
PCl5
carboxylic acid to ester
alcohol and H2SO4
heat
esterfication
carboxylic acid to alcohol
LiAlH4 reduction
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 / H+
heat under reflux and excess oxidising agent
oxidation
aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
HCN + KCN
nucleophilic addition
ketone to hydroxynitrile
HCN + KCN
nucleophilic addition
ketone to alcohol
LiAlH4
reduction
aldehyde to alcohol
LiAlH4
reduction
alcohol to ester
carboxylic acid + H2SO4
heat
esterfication
alcohol to aldehyde
K2Cr2O7 / H+
primary alcohol
alcohol to ketone
K2Cr2O7 / H+
secondary alcohol
