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ZZZ AQA Chem > ORGANIC SYNTHESIS > Flashcards

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you get from an alkane to halogenalkane?

A

FREE RADICAL SUBSTITUTION - UV light

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2
Q

How do you get from a halogenalkane to alkene?

A

ELIMINATION - hot ethanolic NaOH

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3
Q

How do you get from an alkene to a halogenalkane?

A

ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION - halide/conc h2s04/ Br2

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4
Q

How do you get from a halogenalkane to amine/nitrile/alcohol?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION

  • excess ammonia +heat
  • KCN/aqueous NaOH (under reflux)
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5
Q

How do you get from a nitrile to primary amine?

A

REDUCTION

industry: use nickel catalyst and hydrogen (catalytic hydrogenation)
lab: LiAlH4 in dry ether then dilute acid

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6
Q

How do you get from a primary amine to secondary/tertiary/quaternary ammonium salts?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION - halogenalkane, heat

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7
Q

How do you get from an alkene to an alcohol?

A

HYDRATION - phosphoric acid catalyst/ 300oc / 60 atm & steam

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8
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to an alkene?

A

DEHYDRATION - concentrated sulfuric acid

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9
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to an aldehyde/ketone?

A

OXIDATION - acidified potassium dichromate - heat(1st)/ reflux (2nd)

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10
Q

How do you get from an aldehyde/ketone to an alcohol?

A

REDUCTION - NaBH4

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11
Q

How do you get from an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile?

A

NUCLEOHPILIC ADDITION - acidified HCN/ KCN

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12
Q

How do you get from an aldehyde/ketone to a carboxylic acid?

A

OXIDATION - acidified potassium dichromate (aldehyde only), reflux

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13
Q

How do you get from an alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

OXIDATION - acidified potassium dichromate ( primary alcohol only), reflux

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14
Q

How do you get from a carboxylic acid to an ester?

A

ESTERIFICATION - concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and alcohol

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15
Q

How do you get from an ester to a carboxylic acid?

A

HYDROLYSIS - ACID: dilute acid catalyst (H2SO4)under reflux/BASE: dilute alkaline catalyst (NaOH) under reflux

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16
Q

How do you get from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION - water

17
Q

How do you get from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride to an ester?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION - alcohol

18
Q

How do you get from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride to a primary amide?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION - ammonia

19
Q

How do you get from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amide?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION - amine

20
Q

How do you get from benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

NITRATION (ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION) - concentrated sulfuric acid + nitric acid

21
Q

How do you get from nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

REDUCTION - Sn + HCl followed by NaOH

22
Q

How do you get from phenylamine to N-phenylethanamide?

A

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION - CH3COCl

23
Q

How do you get from benzene to phenylketone?

A

FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ACYLATION: ELECTROPHILIC SUBSITUTION - catalyst: anhydrous AlCl3

ZZZ AQA Chem (2 decks)

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