Organic synthesis

Question 1

Chloroalkane —–> alcohol

Answer 1

Reagents:- aqueous NAOH
Conditions:- Warm, reflux
Equations:- R-Cl + NaOH —> R-OH + NaCl

Question 2

Chloroalkane —–> alkene

Answer 2

reagents: alcoholic KOH
conditions: heat, distillation
equation: CH3CH2Cl + KOH —–> CH2=CH2 + KCl + H2O (example)

Question 3

Chloroalkane —-> nitrile

Answer 3

reagents: aqueous KCN
conditions: heat, reflux
equation: R-Cl + KCN —–>  R-CN + KCl

Question 4

Chloroalkane—> primary amine

Answer 4

reagents: excess ammonia
conditions: heat
equation: R-Cl + 2NH3 —-> R-NH2 + NH4Cl

Question 5

Primary amine —–> secondary amine

Answer 5

reagents: chloroalkane
conditions: warm
equation: R1-NH2 + R2-Cl —-> R1R2NH + HCl

Question 6

Secondary amine —–> tertiary amine

Answer 6

reagents: chloroalkane
conditions: warm
equation: R1R2NH + R3-Cl ——> R1R2R3N + HCl

Question 7

Tertiary amine ——> quaternary ammonium salt

Answer 7

reagents: chloroalkane
conditions: warm
equation: R1R2R3N + R4-Cl ——> R1R2R3R4N+Cl-

Question 8

Alkene —–> Alkane

Answer 8

reagents: hydrogen, Ni catalyst
conditions: 150 oC, 2 atm
equation: CH2=CH2 + H2 ——> CH3CH3 (example)

Question 9

Alkene —–> Alcohol

Answer 9

reagents: steam
conditions: 300 oC, 600 kPa, phosphoric acid catalyst
equation: CH2=CH2 +H2O —–> CH3CH2OH

Question 10

Nitrile ——> Primary Amine

Answer 10

reagents: NaBH4
conditions: dry ether
equation: R-CN + 4[H] ——> R-CH2NH2 (example)

Question 11

Alcohol ——> alkene

Answer 11

reagents: concentrated sulphuric acid
conditions: heat, reflux
equation: CH3CH2OH  CH2=CH2 + H2O (example)