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Chemistry: Organic > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What mechanism turns an alkane into a halogenoalkane?

A

free radical substitution

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2
Q

What reagents and conditions are needed for free radical substitution?

A

reagent: halogen
conditions: uv light

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3
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into an alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: NaOH
conditions warm aq

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4
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into an alkene and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

elimination
reagent: NaOH/KOH
conditions: hot ethanol

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5
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into a nitrile and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: KCN
conditions: aq ethanol

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6
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into an alkane and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Catalytic hydrogenation
reagent: H2
conditions: Ni

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7
Q

What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into a primary amine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

nucleophillic substitution
reagent: NH3
conditions: XS ammonia

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8
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into dibromoalkane and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic addition
reagent: Br2
conditions: N/A

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9
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into bromoalkane and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic addition
reagent: HBr
conditions: N/A

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10
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into alkylhydrogensulphate then alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic addition
and hydrolysis
reagent: conc H2SO2 & water
conditions: N/A

  • first turn it into an alkylhydrogensulfate
  • then hydrolyse into an alcohol
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11
Q

What mechanism turns an alkene into an alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophillic addition
reagent: steam
conditions: conc H2SO4 catalyst

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12
Q

What mechanism turns an alcohol into an alkene and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Elimination/dehydration
reagents: conc H2SO4
conditions: N/A

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13
Q

What reaction turns a primary alcohol into an aldehyde and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagents: acidified K2Cr2O7
conditions: distillation

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14
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

RCH2OH + [O] > RCHO + H2O

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15
Q

What reaction turns a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagent: acidified K2CR2O7
conditions: reflux , XS K2CR207

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16
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

RCH2OH + 2[O] > R-COOH + H2O

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17
Q

What reaction turns an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagent: acidified K2CR2O7
conditions: reflux

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18
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

A

RCHO + [O] > RCOOH

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19
Q

What reaction turns a secondary alcohol into a ketone and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Oxidation
reagent: acidified K2CR2O7
conditions: reflux

20
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

A

RCH(OH)R + [O] > RCHOR + H2O

21
Q

What mechanism turns an aldehyde or ketone into an alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition/reduction
reagents: NaBH4
conditions: N/A

22
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of an A/K to an alcohol?

A

RCHOR + 2[H] > RCH(OH)R

23
Q

What mechanism turns an aldehyde or ketone into a hydroxynitrile and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition
reagents: KCN & dilute HCl
conditions: N/A

24
Q

What mechanism turns an acyl chlorides into carboxylic acids and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: water
conditions: N/A

25
Q

What mechanism turns an acyl chlorides into an ester and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: alcohol
conditions: N/A

26
Q

What mechanism turns an acyl chlorides into an amide and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: ammonia
conditions: N/A

27
Q

What mechanism turns an acyl chlorides into a secondary amide and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: amide
conditions: N/A

28
Q

What mechanism turns an acid anhydride into a carboxylic acid and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: water
conditions: N/A

29
Q

What mechanism turns an acid anhydride into an ester and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: alcohol
conditions: N/A

30
Q

What mechanism turns an acid anhydride into an amine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: ammonia
conditions: N/A

31
Q

What mechanism turns an acid anhydride into a secondary amide and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: amide
conditions: N/A

32
Q

What reaction turns a carboxylic acid into a carboxylic salt and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Neutralisation
reagent: NaOH
conditions: N/A

33
Q

What reaction turns a carboxylic acid into an ester and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Esterification
reagents: alcohol
conditions: conc H2SO4

34
Q

What reaction turns an ester into a carboxylic acid and alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Acid hydrolysis
reagent: water
condition: conc H2SO4

35
Q

What reaction turns an ester into a carboxylate salt and alcohol and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Base hydrolysis
reagent: NaOH
condition: N/A

36
Q

What mechanism turns benzene into nitrobenzene and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic substitution
reagent: conc HN03
condition: conc H2SO4

37
Q

What mechanism turns benzene into phenylketone and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Electrophilic substitution
reagent: acyl chloride
condition: AlCl3

38
Q

What mechanism turns a primary amine into a secondary amine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic substitution
reagent: haloalkane
conditions: N/A

39
Q

What mechanism turns a secondary amine into a tertiary amine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic substitution
reagent: haloalkane
conditions: N/A

40
Q

What mechanism turns a tertiary amine into a quaternary ammonium salt and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Nucleophilic substitution
reagent: haloalkane
conditions: N/A

41
Q

What reaction turns an amine into an alkylammonium salt and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Acid-base
reagent: HCl
conditions: N/A

42
Q

What reaction turns nitrobenzene into phenylamine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Reduction
reagent: conc HCl
conditions: Tin/Sn

43
Q

What reaction turns a nitrile into an amine and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Reduction
reagent: H2
condition: Ni

44
Q

What reaction turns a nitrile into a carboxylic acid and what are the reagents and conditions required?

A

Hydrolysis
reagent: dilute HCl
condition: N/A

45
Q

What mechanisms/reactions dont require conditions

A
  • electrophilic addition
  • hydrolysis
  • dehydration
  • reduction
  • oxidation
  • nucleophilic addition elimination
  • nucleophilic substitutions with amines
  • Acid-base

Chemistry: Organic (15 decks)

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