Organic Synthesis Flashcards
Name the three possible routes for alkenes.
Reaction with H2 and a nickel catalyst to form an alkane.
Electrophilic addition of a halogen to make a haloalkane
Hydration of an alkene with steam and a phosphoric acid catalyst to make an alcohol.
Name the 4 possible routes of an alcohol.
Oxidation of a primary alcohol under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate to make a carboxylic acid. Primary alcohol + 2[O] ==> carboxylic acid + H20
Oxidation of a primary alcohol with distillation to separate the product. This is also done with acidified potassium dichromate to produce an aldehyde and one water.
Oxidation of a secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate under reflux to make a ketone and water.
Dehydration of an alcohol to make an alkene with a phosphoric acid catalyst.
Name 3 possible routes for halo alkanes.
Refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide NaOH to make an alcohol.
Reaction with NaCN to make a nitrile
Reaction with excess ammonia and ethanol to make an amine.
Name the possible route for an alkane.
Radical substitution of a halogen in the presence of UV light
Name the two possible routes for a ketone.
A ketone can be reduced with the reducing agent NaBH4/H2O to make a secondary alcohol.
A ketone can be reacted with NaCN/H+ to make a hydroxynitrile
Name the three possible routes for an aldehyde.
An aldehyde can be reduced with the reducing agent NaBH4 and water to become a primary alcohol.
An aldehyde can be further oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate under reflux to form a carboxylic acid.
An aldehyde can be reacted with NaCN/H+ to make a hydroxynitrile.
Name the two reaction paths for nitriles.
Nitriles can be reduced with a nickel catalyst and H2 to form an amine.
A nitrile can go through hydrolysis with H2O and HCl to form a carboxylic acid.
What are the two routes for carboxylic acids.
They can go through esterification with an alcohol and sulphuric acid to make an ester and a water molecule.
A carboxylic acid can react with SoCl2 to make an acyl chloride.
What are the two reaction pathways for esters.
Dilute acid hydrolysis where it becomes a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid and water.
Alkaline hydrolysis in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide to make a carboxylate salt and an alcohol.
Name the 4 routes for acyl chlorides.
When reacted with water they form a carboxylic acid.
When reacted with an alcohol it forms an ester.
When it reacts with excess ammonia it forms a primary amide.
When it reacts with a primary amine it forms a secondary amide.
Name the 4 possible routes for benzene.
Alkylation of benzene when benzene reacts with a haloalkane in the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst. This forms a methylbenzene.
Benzene can form nitrobenzene when nitric acid and sulphuric acid are added. Both concentrated.
Benzene can have a halogen substituted if it reacts with a halogen and it’s constituent halogen carrier catalyst.
Benzene can go through acylation to make an aldehyde when reacted with an acyl chloride and a halogen carrier catalyst.
Name the possible route for nitrobenzene.
Nitrobenzene can be reduced with a Sn catalyst and HCl.
