Organic synthesis

Question 1

Alkene to Alkane

Answer 1

Electrophilic addition of H2(g) + Nickel catalyst

Question 2

Alkane to Alkene

Answer 2

Elimination of H2(g)

Question 3

Alkane to Haloalkane

Answer 3

Free radical substitution, UV light

Question 4

Haloalkane to Alkene

Answer 4

Elimination of ethanolic NaOH + heat

Question 5

Alkene to Haloalkane

Answer 5

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halide

Question 6

Haloalkane to Amine

Answer 6

Nucleophilic substitution, excess ammonia, heat

Question 7

Haloalkane to Nitrile

Answer 7

Nucleophilic substitution KCN/HCN (cyanide nucleophile)

Question 8

Haloalkane to Alcohol

Answer 8

Nucleophilic substitution, NaOH (OH:- nucleophile)

Question 9

Nitrile to Amine

Answer 9

Reduction, H2/ Ni

Question 10

Amine to Amide

Answer 10

Nucleophilic addition-elimination, acyl chloride

Question 11

Amide to Amine

Answer 11

Reduction, NaOH + heat

Question 12

Amide to Carboxylic acid

Answer 12

Hydrolysis NaOH + heat

Question 13

Carboxylic acid to Alcohol

Answer 13

Reduction NaBH4

Question 14

Alcohol to Carboxylic acid

Answer 14

Oxidation with acidified K2Cr2O7, heat under reflux

Question 15

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 15

Electrophilic addition of steam + concentrated H3PO4 catalyst

Question 16

Alcohol to Alkene

Answer 16

Elimination (H2O) + heat + metal catalyst Al2O3

Question 17

Alcohol to Ketone

Answer 17

Heat under reflux, oxidation of secondary alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate

Question 18

Ketone to Alcohol

Answer 18

Reduction to secondary alcohol, NaBH4 (reagent)

Question 19

Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

Answer 19

Nucleophilic substitution

Question 20

Alcohol to Aldehyde

Answer 20

Heat under reflux, oxidation of primary alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate + distillation

Question 21

Aldehyde to Alcohol

Answer 21

Reduction to primary alcohol

Question 22

Carboxylic acid to Aldehyde

Answer 22

Reduction NaBH4 , (ether)

Question 23

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

Answer 23

Further oxidation of primary alcohol

Question 24

Carboxylic acid to Ester

Answer 24

Esterification- heat with alcohols in presence of an acid catalyst

Question 25

Ester to Carboxylic acid

Answer 25

Hydrolysis- heat under reflux with dilute acid (HCl/H2SO4)

Question 26

Amide to Carboxylic acid

Answer 26

Hydrolysis- NaOH + heat

Question 27

Acyl chloride/ Acyl anhydride to Amide

Answer 27

Acylation (Nucleophilic addition-elimination), ammonia

Question 28

Acyl chloride to Carboxylic acid

Answer 28

Acylation (Nucleophilic addition-elimination), water (H2O:)

Question 29

Acyl chloride to Ester

Answer 29

Acylation (Nucleophilic addition-elimination), alcohol

Question 30

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

Answer 30

Electrophilic substitution, concentrated H2SO4, concentrated HNO3, 50-60 degrees (cannot heat too hot as can be further oxidised)

Question 31

Nitrobenzene to Amino benzene

Answer 31

Reduction (loses O2 + gains hydrogen), tin + concentrated HCl, heat under reflux

Question 32

Benzene to Acylated benzene

Answer 32

Friedel-crafts acylation (electrophilic substitution) + AlCl3 (catalyst) + CH3CO+ electrophile