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Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Triple > Organic science > Flashcards

Organic science Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are transition metals?

A

Between groups 2 and 3

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2
Q

What are properties of transition metals?

A

They form coloured compounds
Are generally (like all metals) hard, strong, shiny, malleable and conductive of heat/ electricity
They have high melting points (except mercury)
High DENSITIES

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3
Q

Properties of gold that make it useful for its purpose

A

Shiny, malleable, conductive of electricity and rust resistant so is used in electrical components.

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4
Q

Properties of copper that make it useful for its purpose

A

Malleable and corrosión resistant so is used in water pipes, is also a good conductor of electricity so can be used for electrical wiring.

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5
Q

Properties of iron that make it useful for its purpose

A

Is hard, tough, high density and so can be used for tools and building materials, is also malleable so can be used for car bodies
Is a catalyst in ammonia manufacturing

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6
Q

Titanium properties that make it suitable for its purpose

A

Is low density and high strength so can be used in fighter aircrafts, v resistant to corrosion so can be used in nuclear power pipes

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7
Q

Nickel properties suitable for use

A

Noncorrosive so can be used as coins

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8
Q

Which transition metals are used as catalysts?

A

Iron is used in the haber process in the production of ammonia.
Vanadium pentoxide is used for making sulphuric acid in the contact process.

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9
Q

Alloy

A

A mixture of 2 or more elements, one of which is a metal.

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10
Q

Why are regular metals not suitable for everyday uses?

A

The regular structure makes them soft as the layers can roll over one another.

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11
Q

Why are alloys stronger than normal metals?

A

Because the atoms of different sizes distorts the regular arrangement and so makes it harder for the atoms to slide over one another

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12
Q

What’s amalgam made up of and its use

A

Mercury (main metal) & is used in dental fillings

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13
Q

What’s brass made up of? Use?

A

Copper and zinc

Used for hinges and electrical plugs. (Where more friction is needed as is more malleable)

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14
Q

Solder use?

A

Lead and tin is used to join metals together

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15
Q

What are iron alloys called and made up of?

A

Steels, they are made by adding carbon (some other metals)

As steel is harder than iron, is less corrosive and so is used for bridges, engines, cutlery…

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16
Q

Bronze alloy and use

A

Copper and tin is used for medals and statues as is harder than copper

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17
Q

Gold alloy and use

A

Metals like zinc, copper, silver are used to strengthen gold. Can be used for jewellery

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18
Q

Aluminium alloys and use

A

Alloyed w small amounts of other metals to increase strength. Has low density and so can be used in aircrafts

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19
Q

Magnalium alloy and use

A

Aluminium and magnesium are mixed to make it stronger, lighter and less corrosive than aluminium. Is used for cars and aeroplanes .
High magnesium content is used for fireworks as is reactive and burns bright.

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20
Q

What type of reaction is corrosion of metals?

A

REDOX as the metal loses electrons (oxidised) while oxygen gains electrons (reduced)

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21
Q

What do metals corrode in the presence of?

A

Oxygen and water

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22
Q

Rusting

A

The corrosion of iron, (only in presence of oxygen and water)

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23
Q

Experiment to show that both oxygen and water are needed for iron to rust

A

1 put an iron nail in a boiling tube with just water (won’t rust). Boiling water beforehand will remove oxygen and oil can be used to stop air getting in.
2 put an iron nail in a tube w just air (won’t rust). Calcium chloride can absorb any water in the air.
3 put and iron nail in a boiling tube w air and water (will rust).

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24
Q

Ways to prevent rusting

A

Coating iron w a barrier, keeping water and oxygen out. Eg painting can cause a barrier.
On moving parts, oiling /greasing helps.
SACRIFICIAL protection involves placing a more reactive metal w the iron
Eg galvanising

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25
Q

What’s galvanising

A

Where a coat of zinc is put into an iron object to prevent rusting as zinc is more reactive and so will be oxidised easier and will corrode instead and acts as a barrier

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26
Q

Electroplating

A

Coating the surface of a metal with another metal using electrolysis

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27
Q

Process of electroplating

A

Cathode = object to electroplate
Anode = bar of metal to plate the object
Electrolyte = solution containing metal ions of the metal you are playing it with
The metal ions from the electrolyte move toward the cathode and is deposited on the object, the anode refills the metal ions in the solution

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28
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of chemicals that have the same functional group

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29
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that determine how a molecule reacts.

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30
Q

Akkanes

A

A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons

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31
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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32
Q

First 4 alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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33
Q

Number of bonds carbon atoms can make

A

4

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34
Q

Number of bonds hydrogen’s can make

A

1

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35
Q

Alkenes

A

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond functional group

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36
Q

General formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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37
Q

First 3 alkenes

A

Ethene, propene, butene (but-1-ene, but-2-ene)

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38
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Shake the substance with bromine water and if it decolorises, it’s an alkene.

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39
Q

Why does bromine water turn clear in the presence of alkenes?

A

Because an addition reaction is taking place where bromine is added to the alkene double bond.
(Bromine is connected to the carbons)
Alkanes are saturated so this wouldn’t happen

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40
Q

Polymer

A

A substance of high average relative mo,educar mass made by joining repeating units of monomers.

41
Q

Homologous series involved in addition polymerisation

A

Alkenes

42
Q

What occurs during addition polymerisation? What is needed to make this occur?

A

The alkene monomer opens up its bond to form polymer chains w single covalent bonds. It needs pressure and a catalyst.

43
Q

How do you draw the displayed formula of addition polymerisation?

A

Put an n before the alkene displayed formula of a monomer, draw an arrow (pressure and catalyst) and draw the alkane version of that alkene with bonds of both the ending carbons across brackets with an n after

44
Q

Poly(ethene) properties and uses

A

Flexible, electrical insulator, cheap

Used for plastic bags, bottles and wire insulators

45
Q

Poly(propene) properties and uses

A

Flexible, strong , tough, mouldable

Used for crates, furniture & rope

46
Q

Poly(chloroethene) / PVC properties and uses

A

Tough and cheap

Used for window frames and water pipes

47
Q

Poly(tetrafluoroethene) properties and uses

A

Un reactive, tough and non-stick

Used for nonstick pans and waterproof clothing

48
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

A process whereby many small monomer molecules join to form one large polymer with water or any other small molecule.

49
Q

Difference between addition and condensation polymerisation

A

Addition polymerisation has all of the atoms in the monomer ending up in the polymer whereas condensation polymers are formed along with other small molecules formed with each new bond formed.
Also addition monomers are all alkenes whereas condensation polymers have monomers with more than one functional group to create alternating monomers within the polymer.

50
Q

How are condensation polymers formed?

A

2 different monomers each with 2 of the same functional groups react together, producing small molecules as a byproduct.

51
Q

Polyester

A

A condensation polymer formed via the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol to form an Ester link. With each ester link, amole uke of water is formed.

52
Q

General formula of an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

53
Q

Functional group of alcohols

A

‘-OH’

54
Q

First 4 alcohols

A

Ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol

55
Q

What happens when alcohols are oxidised?

A

They form carboxylic acids

56
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids

A

Cn-1H2n-1COOH

57
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids

A

‘-COOH’

58
Q

First 4 carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

59
Q

What catalyst is used in the production of polyesters?

A

Sulfuric acid catalyst

60
Q

Naturally occurring polymers

A

DNA - contains 2 strands of nucleotide monomers that bond in a polymerisation reaction.
Amino acid- form polymers via condensation polymerisation which are proteins which are v important for enzymes.
Carbohydrates- molecules of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which are sugar monomers that form a large polymer known as starch or cellulose

61
Q

What’s plastic made from?

A

Crude oil

62
Q

What are the 3 ways to dispose of polymers?

A

Landfill sites
Incineration (combustion)
Recycling

63
Q

Pros of landfill sites

A

Polymers can be expensive and difficult to recycle

64
Q

Cons of landfill

A

Uses up valuable land

Most polymers are non biodegradable so will stay in landfill for long time.

65
Q

Pros of incineration

A

Produces much energy that can be used in generation of electricity

66
Q

Cons of incineration

A

Can release toxic gases

Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming

67
Q

Pros of recycling

A

Reduces no biodegradable waste in landfill
Reduces greenhouse gases and toxic emissions released in incineration
Uses less water and energy resources than producing new polymers
Preserves crude oil
Saves money and creates jobs

68
Q

Cons of recycling

A

Polymers have to be separated before melted/ reformed which can be difficult and expensive
Mixed polymers can reduce quality of products
Recycling is finite as polymer strength decreases over time
Melting of polymers can release emissions that are harmful to plants and animals .

69
Q

Fuel cells

A

Cells that will produce a voltage continuously as long as they are supplied with a fuel and oxygen and produce electricity via the reaction of a fuel with oxygen.

70
Q

Where are hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells used?

A

In cars/spacecraft

71
Q

What type of reaction ocurrs in a hydrogen oxygen fuel cell?

A

Exothermic, meaning energy levels in the reactants are higher than energy levels in the products

72
Q

What energy transfer occurs in hydrogen oxygen fuel cells?

A

Chemical to electrical

73
Q

Exothermic

A
  • transfer energy to the surroundings
74
Q

Endothermic

A

Take in heat from the surroundings

75
Q

Advantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A 
No moving parts (no energy lost via friction)
Compact
Lightweight
Zero emissions (only water byproduct)
Renewable energy
Provides voltage as long as supplied
Quiet
Requires less maintenance 
Replaces batteries that are polluting
76
Q

Disadvantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A

Manufacture of hydrogen involves use of fossil fuels, producing greenhouse gases
V flammable and so dangerous
Expensive
Needs to be stored in pressurised reenforced containers, taking up more space than liquid fuels like petrol.

77
Q

Overall reaction in hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A

Hydrogen + oxygen > water

78
Q

Fuel cell

A

A type of chemical cell that’s supplied with a fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them to produce electrical energy efficiently.

79
Q

Chemical cells

A

Produce a voltage until until one of the reactants is used up.

80
Q

The reactivity series

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, tin, lead, hydrogen, copper, silver, gold

81
Q

Nanoparticles

A

Particles below 100 nanometers

(roughly 100 atoms across)

82
Q

Fullerenes

A

Nanoparticles, including nanotubes made up of carbon and joined via strong covalent bonds.

83
Q

Important property of nanoparticles

A

Have a high surface area to volume ratio which means they hold different properties to larger particles as a greater proportion of atoms can interact with substances they come into contact with.

84
Q

Uses of nanoparticles (nanoscience uses)

A

CATALYSTS due to high surface area to volume ratio (more surface= more collisions= higher rate of reaction)
COSMETICS (eg sunscreen) allow protection yet transparency
NANOMEDICINE absorbed more easily by the body and so can deliver drugs straight to cells
LUBRICANT COATINGS (Eg artificial joints and gears)
ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS can be used for circuits in computer chips
PLASTICS in sport equipment as make strong while keeping mass low
SURGICAL MASKS have polymer fibres where silver nanoparticles are added to create antibacterial properties

85
Q

Disadvantage of nanoparticles

A

No full understanding of how they affect the body (need to be tested)
Don’t know long term health / side effects are
Eg some nanoparticles don’t break down easy and so can build up in cells and can cause lung inflammation if breathed in

86
Q

Types of polymer

A

Strong & rigid polymers (polyethene) for water pipes
Light & stretchy (low density polyethene for plastic bags and bottles
Polystyrene foam for packaging/thermal insulators
Heat resistant (melamine resin/polypropene) for plastic kettles

87
Q

Ceramics

A

Include glass, porcelain and bone China.

Are made by baking substances to produce a brittle, stiff material.

88
Q

Clay

A

Mineral formed from weathered and decomposed rock.
Soft when dug up so is easy to mould into different shapes for pottery/ bricks.
Can be hardened by firing at very high temperatures
Ideal as building material.

89
Q

Glass properties

A

Transparent & strong
Can be mounded when hot and brittle when thin
Majority of glass made from soda-lime glass, made by heating limestone, sand and sodium carbonate until melting point, cool as glass.

90
Q

Composites

A

(Eg fibreglass/ concrete)
Made of one material (reinforcement) embedded in another (matrix/binder).
Properties depend on materials it’s made from.

91
Q

Production of carbon fibre

A

Bonded carbon atoms to make carbon fibres or nanotubes held together by polymer resin matrix.
Expensive to manufacture.

92
Q

Properties of carbon fibre

A

Light and strong so are good for aerospace and sports car manufacturing

93
Q

Metal properties

A

Good conductor of heat/electricity, high density, malleable

Can be mixed to form alloys.

94
Q

Polymer properties

A

Flexible, adaptable, mouldable, cheap, less dense, thermal/electrical insulator.
Degrade over time so aren’t long lasting.

95
Q

Ceramics properties

A

Heat/electricity insulator, brittle, stiff, strong, hardwearing, don’t degrade so are long lasting

96
Q

Metals properties

A

Conductors of heat/electricity, malleable, (corrosion resistant) metals can last long, less brittle so don’t shatter.

97
Q

Composites properties

A

Vary depending on reinforcer and matrix, designed for specific properties for specific purpose,
Disadvantage is expensive

98
Q

Word equation for the complete combustion of ethene

A

Ethene + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water

99
Q

How many nucleotides make up the polymer DNA?

A

4 (two strands )

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Triple (14 decks)

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