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organic reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Addition reactions

A
  • unsaturated molecule breaking to form a saturated molecule

Alkene/Alkyne breaking to form an alkane

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2
Q

substitution reactions

A

Replacing an atom/group with another group.
* adding something to a molecule AND
* there is a leaving group (taking something out)

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3
Q

elimination reactions

A

*saturated compounds becomes unsaturated by removal of 2 atom/ group of atoms.

alkanes becoming alkenes.

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4
Q

What are the 4 addition reactions

A
  1. Hydrogenation
  2. Halogenation
  3. Hydrohalogenation
  4. Hydration
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5
Q

What are the 3 Substitution reactions

A
  • all single bonds (saturated)
  1. Hydrolysis (forming an alcohol)
  2. Forming of a haloalkane + acid
  3. Forming of a haloalkane + water
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6
Q

What are the 2 elimination reactions?

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Dehydrohalogenation
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7
Q

Hydrogenation

A

addition of a H2
catalyst: Pt or Pd. (heat) / metal catalyst

Alkene + H2 → Alkane
Alkyne + H2 → Alkene

  • Forward rxn = reduction (addition)
  • Reverse rxn = oxidation ( elimination)
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8
Q

Halogenation

A

addition of a X2
catalyst: none, the halogen bonds are weak

Alkene + X2 → Haloalkane

radical substitution reaction

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9
Q

Acid catalyzed Hydration

A

addition of water
Catalyst: strong acid/an acid catalyst

Alkene + H2O → Alcohol

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10
Q

Hydrohalogenation

A

Alkene + HX → Haloalkane

  • addition of an acid
  • catalyst: none
    no water must be present
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11
Q

Hydrolysis- formation of an alcohol
(substitution with a haloalkane)

A

haloalkane + H20 → Alcohol + Acid

haloalkane + strong base → alcohol + salt

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12
Q

formation of a haloalkane + acid

A

catalyst: light

Alkane + X2 → haloalkane + Acid

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13
Q

formation of a haloalkane + water
(Substitution with an alcohol)

A

Alcohol + HX → Haloalkane + H2O

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14
Q

Acid catalyzed Dehydration
(elimination with an alcohol)

A

catalyst: strong acids and high temperatures

Alcohol → Alkene + H2O

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15
Q

dehydrohalogenation
(elimination with haloalkane)

A

concentrated strong base

haloalkane + Strong base → Alkene + salt + H2O

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16
Q

alkenes/ Alkynes undergo

A

addition reactions
- substitution and elimination are less important in unsaturated systems

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17
Q

reduction reaction

A

whenever you add H to an organic compound
- Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols
- reducing agents: LiAlH4 and NaBH4

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18
Q

oxidation reaction

A

whenever you remove H from an organic compound
- Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids
- ketones resist oxidation

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19
Q

why do you need a acid (H+) catalyst for hydration reactions?

A

because water is a poor electrophile, in fact it is a nucleophile

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20
Q

Electrophilic carbons

A
  • haloalkanes
  • Alcohols
  • Ethers
  • Amines
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21
Q

nucleophilic carbons

A
  • organometallic
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22
Q

what is an alkyl halide?

A

organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom

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23
Q

for haloalkanes what reactions do we expect to see?

A

substitution or elimination

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24
Q

what favours substitution?

A

-low temperatures
- small nucleophiles (attack the carbon inside the molecule)
- absence of steric hinderance (small H atoms around carbon centers)

25
Q

what favours elimination?

A
  • high temperature- larger nucleophiles (attack the hydrogen on the surface of the molecule)
  • crowded carbon center ( bigger groups around carbon)
  • any hinderance favours elimination
26
Q

Alcohols

A
  • require an H (acid) catalyst to drive the reaction forward
27
Q

an alcohol can also undergo an oxidation reaction (also a type of elimination reaction) but an oxidant is required. What are they?

A
  • K2Cr2O7: potassium dichromate
  • KMnO4: potassium permanganate
  • CrO3: chromium trioxide
  • H2CrO4: chromic acid
  • PCC : pyridinium chlorochromate
28
Q

if the alcohol being oxidized is a 1° alcohol we will get…

A
  • a carboxylic acid or
  • aldehyde
29
Q

if the alcohol being oxidized is a 2° alcohol then we get…

A

a ketone

30
Q

if the alcohol being oxidized is a 3° alcohol then we get…

A

no reaction as they DO NOT OXIDIZE

31
Q

are Ethers reactive or not?

A

not reactive as they are unusually stable

32
Q

Amines

A
  • basic and
  • nucleophilic
33
Q

Nucleophiles can either be neutral or be negatively charges. How do these react?

A
  • neutral - requires an acid catalyst
  • negatively charged - no catalyst required
34
Q

nucleophilic addition

A
  • a good nucleophile attacks first ( it will attack the carbon atom - the electrophile)
35
Q

composite functional groups and the type of reaction they undergo?

A
  • these all have the double bonded O
  • carboxylic acids
  • Esters
  • Amides
  • Acid chlorides
    ** These reactions undergo substitution
36
Q

ketones are reduced to?

A

secondary alcohols

37
Q

carboxylic acids are reduced to?

A

primary alcohols

38
Q

aldehydes are reduced to?

A

primary alcohols

39
Q

alkyl halides have what type of hybridization? (haloakanes)

A

sp3

40
Q

Benzene? aromatic compounds do not undergo ______ reactions even though there are double bonds. Due to its stability it would rather undergo ______ reaction

A

addition
substitution
(electrophilic sub)

41
Q

Halogenation of benzene

A

requires an acid catalyst like FeBr3 or AlCl3

42
Q

Friedel crafts alkylation

A

Uses alkyl halides as reactants.

43
Q

Friedel crafts acylation

A

Uses acyl halides as reactants, the double bonded oxygen with a Cl2

44
Q

condensation polymerization

A

molecules are joined by the elimination of a small molecule (water)

45
Q

addition polymerization

A

monomers must be an alkenea

46
Q

acidic amino acids

A

have 2 carboxylic acid parts

47
Q

basic amino acids

A

2 amine parts

48
Q

non polar hydrophobis amino acids

A

has a benzene

49
Q

polar hydrophilic amino acid

A

have OH groups

50
Q

Aerosol

A

a colloid with a liquid/solid dispersed in a gas
- e.g fog, mist, smoke

51
Q

Foam

A

colloid with a gas dispersed in a liquid/ solid

  • e.g. whipped cream
52
Q

gel

A

colloid with a solid dispered in a liquid
- e.g. clue, paint, blood, gelatin

53
Q

emulsion

A

a liquid substance dissolved in a liquid medium where two immiscible liquids form a colloid held together by an emulsifying agent.

54
Q

sol

A

when a solid substance is dispersed in a solid mediumamp

55
Q

amphiphilic

A

contains both a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head

56
Q

conformational isomers

A
  • single bonds
  • free rotation around these bonds
  • staggered (low energy) / eclipsed (high energy)
57
Q

Geometric isomers

A
  • require double/ triple bonds/ ring structures
  • no rotation
    -cis/ trans
58
Q

enantiomers

A
  • require sp3 hybridized carbons with 4 different substituents (chiral centers)
  • NON SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES

chemistry (5 decks)

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