Organic Reactions Flashcards
Inductive effect
Causes partial charge due to movement of electron cloud, due to difference in electronegativity
+I- positive charge induced
-I: negative charge induced
Electromeric effect
Shifting of pi electrons of a double or triple bond to one of the atoms
+E: electrophile is added
-E: nucleophile is added (electron repulsion, the electrons get added to the atom opposite to the attachment of reagent)
Resonance
Movement of Pi electrons along the carbon chain due to addition of FG
+R: groups donate electrons
-R: groups withdraw electons
Hyperconjugation
Delocalization of carbon-hydrogen sigma bond.
Reduction of alkene/alkyne to alkane
Catalytic hydrogenation: Pd, Raney Ni, Pt in presence of H+
Conversion of alkyl halide to alkane by grignard reagent
Formation of R-Mg-X
R-Mg-X+ YZ-H
R-H+ YZ-Mg-X
Wurtz reaction
2(R-X)+ 2Na –dry ether-> R-R 2NaX
Reduction of alkyl halides
R-X –Zn/HCl–> R-H +H-X
Catalytic Hydrogenolysis
R-X +H2 -> R-H + H-X
Decarboxylation of acids
R-COOH + NaOH -> R-COONa+ H2O
R-COONa+ NaOH–CaO-> R-H Na2CO3
Halogenation of alkanes
R-H + X –hv–> R-X+ H-X
Nitration of alkanes
R-H + fuming HNO3 –> R-NO2+H2O
Sulphonation
Branched alkanes and higher alkanes form sulphonation in the presence of fuming H2SO4 to form alkanesulphonic acid
Formation of methanol
2CH4+O2– Cu tube -> 2CH3OH
Formation of methanal
CH4+O2– Mo2O3-> HCHO+H2O
Formation of carboxylic acids
R-CH3 + 3O2 –Ag2O-> 2RCOOH
