Organic reaction equations Flashcards
Alkene + Halogen =
Alkene + Halogen ⟶ Dihaloalkane
Alkane + Halogen +
Alkane + halogen ⟶ Haloalkane + HX
Alkene + H₂ =
Alkene + H₂ ⟶ Alkane
Alkene + Hydrogen Halide =
Alkene + Hydrogen Halide ⟶ Haloalkane
Alkene + H₂O (g) ⇌
Alkene + H₂O (g) ⇌ Alcohol
Alcohol + Halide ion =
Alcohol + Halide ion ⟶ Haloalkane + OH-
Dehydration of an Alcohol =
Alcohol ⟶ Alkene + water (Dehydration)
Alcohol + Oxygen =
Alcohol + Oxygen ⟶ Carbon Dioxide + water
Primary Alcohol + [O] ⟶ (Distillation)
Primary Alcohol + [O] ⟶ Aldehyde + Water
Primary Alcohol + 2[O] ⟶ (Reflux)
Primary Alcohol + 2[O] ⟶ Carboxylic Acid + water
Secondary Alcohol + [O] ⟶
Secondary Alcohol + [O] ⟶ Ketone + water
Haloalkane + OH⁻ ⟶
Haloalkane + OH⁻ ⟶ Alcohol + X⁻
Benzene + NO₂ ⁺ ⟶
Benzene + NO₂ ⁺ ⟶ Nitrobenzene + H⁺
Benzene + Halogen ⟶
Benzene + Halogen ⟶ Halobenzene + HX
Benzene + Haloalkane ⟶
Benzene + Haloalkane ⟶ Alkylbenzene + HX
Benzene + Acyl chloride ⟶
Benzene + Acyl chloride ⟶ Phenylketone + HCl
Phenol + HNO₃ ⟶
Phenol + HNO₃ ⟶ Nitrophenol + water
Phenol + Bromine ⟶
Phenol + Bromine ⟶ Bromophenol + HBr
Phenol + NaOH ⟶
Phenol + NaOH ⟶ Sodiumphenoxide + water
Phenol + Na ⟶ Sodiumphenoxide + H₂
Aldehyde + 2[H] ⟶
Aldehyde + 2[H] ⟶ Primary Alcohol
Ketone + 2[H] ⟶
Ketone + 2[H] ⟶ Secondary alcohol
Carbonyl + Hydrogen Cyanide ⟶
Carbonyl + Hydrogen Cyanide ⟶ Hydroxynitrile
Hydroxynitrile = molecule with OH and CN group
Carboxylic acid + Metal ⟶
Carboxylic acid + Metal ⟶ Salt + H₂(g)
Carboxylic acid + Metal Carbonate ⟶
Carboxylic acid + Metal Carbonate ⟶ Salt + H₂O + CO₂
Carboxylic acid + Alkali ⟶
Carboxylic acid + Alkali ⟶ Salt + water
Alkali = metal hydroxide
Carboxylic acid + Metal Oxide ⟶
Carboxylic acid + Metal Oxide ⟶ Salt + water
Carboxylic acid + SOCl₂ ⟶
Carboxylic acid + SOCl₂ ⟶ Acyl Chloride + HCl + SO₂
Acyl Chloride + Alcohol ⟶
Acyl Chloride + Alcohol ⟶ Ester + HCl
Acyl Chloride + phenol ⟶
Acyl Chloride + phenol ⟶ Ester + HCl
Acyl Chloride + Water ⟶
Acyl Chloride + Water ⟶ Carboxylic acid + HCl
Vigorous reaction with cold water
Acyl Chloride + Ammonia ⟶
Acyl Chloride + Ammonia ⟶ Primary Amide + HCl
In the lab: HCl reacts with NH₃: produce NH₄Cl
Acyl Chloride + Amine ⟶
Acyl Chloride + Amine ⟶ Secondary Amide + HCl
Use a primary amine
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ⟶
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ⟶ Ester + Water
Alcohol + Acid Anhydride ⟶
Alcohol + Acid Anhydride ⟶ Ester + carboxylic Acid
Acid anhydride = 2 carboxylic acid molecules
slow: speed up by warming
Ester + water ⇌
Ester + water ⇌ Carboxylic acid + alcohol
Ester + Alkali ⟶
Ester + Alkali ⟶ Carboxylate salt + alcohol
Amine + Acid ⟶
Amine + Acid ⟶ Ammonium salt
Ammonia + Haloalkane ⟶
Ammonia + Haloalkane ⟶ Primary Aliphatic Amine + NH₄X
Nucleophilic substitution
excess ethanol ammonia used
forms a primary aliphatic (no benzene) amine
Primary Amine + Haloalkane ⟶
Primary Amine + Haloalkane ⟶ Secondary Aliphatic Amine + NH₄X
Nucleophilic substitution
Substitution continues: get a mixture of primary, secondary + tertiary amines + quaternary ammonium salts (separate by fractional distillation)
Nitrobenzene + 6[H] ⟶
Nitrobenzene + 6[H] ⟶ Phenylamine + 2H₂O