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Toni's Psych > Organic Psych > Flashcards

Organic Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A 
Executive function
Personality/social behaviour
Initiative/motivation
Speech production
Suppression of primitive reflexes
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2
Q

What are symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction?

A 
Poor judgement/planning
Inappropriate behaviour/impulsivity
Apathy
Expressive dysphasia
Telegraphic speech: short words + sentences
Normal comprehension
Contralateral spastic hemiparesis
Reemergence of primitive reflexes e.g. Sucking 
Forced utilisation
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3
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory, olfactory and gustatory perception
Understanding speech - Wernicke’s
Memory
Emotional regulation

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4
Q

What are symptoms of temporal lobe dysfunction?

A

Auditory impairment/agnosia
Auditory, olfactory + gustatory hallucinations
Receptive dysphasia
Nonsensical fluent speech with neologisms
Amnesiac syndrome
Lability

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5
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory perception
Integration of sensory perception i.e. Body awareness
Communication between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
Calculation

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of parietal lobe dysfunction?

A 
Contralateral sensory impairment
Apraxis
Agnosias
Contralateral sensory neglect
Receptive dysphasia
Dyscalculia
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7
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual perception and interpretation

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of occipital lobe dysfunction?

A

Contralateral visual defects
Visual agnosia
Cortical blindness

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9
Q

What is delirium?

A 
An acute, transient state if global brain dysfunction
With clouding of consciousness
A sign that there is a physical problem
Common:
20% inpatients
50% post op patients
70% elderly ITU patients
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10
Q

What are risk factors for delerium?

A 
Old age
Pre-existing physical / mental illness
Substance misuse
Polypharmacy
Malnutrition
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11
Q

What are causes of delirium?

A 
Trauma: head injury, burns
Hypoxia: cardio/resp
Infective: intracranial or systemic
Metabolic: liver failure, renal failure, electrolyte imbalance
Endocrine: hypoglycaemia
Nutritional: Wernicke's encephalopathy 
CNS: incr ICP
Drugs and alcohol: intoxication/ withdrawal
Medication: anticholinergics + opiates
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12
Q

What is the clinical picture in delirium?

A 
Sudden onset of confusion: hrs- days
Fluctuation of symptoms
Worse at night? Name
Disorientation, poor attention and short term memory
Prominent mood changes
Illusions/ hallucinations/ delusions
Thought disorder, speech disorder
Disturbed sleep
Hyper/hypo activity
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13
Q

How would you investigate a patient with apparent delirium?

A 
Physical examination
Collateral history
Drug chart: recent addition?
Bloods: FBC, U&Es, G, Ca
MSU, SaO2, ECG, CXR, septic screen
Consider: LFTs, blood cultures, CT head, CSF, EEG
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14
Q

How is delirium managed?

A

Treat cause!
Manage aggravating factors e.g. Dehydration, pain, constipation, polypharmacy
Behavioural management: frequent reorientation, good lighting, address sensory deficit, avoid over/understimulation, minimise change, remove objects dangerous to patient or others, allow safe/ supervised wandering
Medication: small nocturnal dose of benzo
If sedation necessary, low dose atypical antipsychotics/ benzos

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15
Q

What is the prognosis with delirium?

A 
Recovery following resolution of underlying cause
May take weeks or up to 6 months
Associated with:
Increased mortality
Longer admission
Higher readmission rates
Higher nursing home placement
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16
Q 
What are the functions of the following areas of the brain?
Broca and Wernicke's areas
Primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary visual cortex
A

Broca’s = expression of speech
Wernicke’s = comprehension of speech
Primary motor= contralateral movement
Supplementary motor= organisation of complex movement
Primary somatosensory= perception of contralateral somatosensory stimuli
Primary visual = vision

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17
Q

What is frontotemporal lobar degeneration?

A

Asymmetrical frontal / anterior lobe atrophy 40-60 yrs
Pick’s disease: rounded collections hyperphosphorylated tau
FTLD-U: tau negativ ubiquinated inclusions
Clinically:
Frontotemporal dementia: frontal lobe syndrome, disinhibition etc
Semantic dementia: progressive loss of understanding if verbal + visual meaning
Progressive non-fluent aphasia: naming difficulties -> mutism

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18
Q

What is Huntingdon’s disease?

A

AD, trinucleotide CAG repeat in Huntingdin gene Chr 4 with anticipation, death within 15 yrs
Deposits of abnormal Huntingdin protein -> atrophy of basal ganglia + thalamus and cortical neuron loss
CT/MRI: caudate nucleus atrophy
EEG: flat

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19
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Huntingdon’s?

A

Personality and behavioural changes:
Depression, irritability, euphoria
Subcortical dementia later: bradyphrenia, bradykinesia etc
Chorea: affects limbs, trunk, face, speech muscles, wide based lurching gait

20
Q

HIV dementia/ encephalopathy

A

Affects 10%
Early apathy + withdrawal
Sub cortical dementia
Neuro features incl: ataxia, tremor, seizures, myoclonus
MRI: atrophy + diffuse white matter signal changes

21
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

Rare potentially reversible cause of dementia
Causes: meningitis, head injury, idiopathic
Impaired CSF absorption in subarachnoid space
CSF accumulates in the ventricles, production adjusts so pressure remains fairly normal
Distortion of peri ventricular white matters
Subcortical dementia, unsteady gait, urinary incontinence

22
Q

What is the protein only hypothesis re,aged to prion disease?

A

Normal prion protein changes to an abnormal insoluble form

Which then appears to act as a template for changing further proteins

23
Q

What are prion diseases?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

24
Q

What is amnesic syndrome?

A

Profound anterograde memory loss: inability to lay down new memories
Patients may confabulate
Procedural memory intact
Due to damage of limbic structures dealing with explicit memory
Causes: hypoxia, encephalitis, CO poisoning
Korsakoff’s syndrome is most common

25
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

Acute global memory loss lasting 1-24 hrs
Causes: transient ischaemia, physical or emotional stress
Patients usually >50 yrs
Anterograde and retrograde memory affected
No loss of identity
Consciousness and cognition otherwise normal
No signs of neurological disease

26
Q

What is frontal lobe syndrome?

A

Executive dysfunction: poor judgement, poor reasoning + problem solving, poor planning + decision making
Social behaviour and personality change: irresponsible/disinhibited/innapropriate behaviour, Impulsivity, euphoric, repetitive/compulsive behaviours
Apathy: lack of motivation + initiative, decline in self care

27
Q

Post traumatic amnesia

A

From time of head injury until normal recovery of memory

Longer the duration the greater the risk of complications

28
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Memory loss before the head injury, from the last clear memory until the injury
Not a good predictor of outcome

29
Q

Head injury and post-concussional syndrome

A

May follow a loss of consciousness

30
Q

What are secondary forms of parkinsonism?

A

Drug induced: antipsychotics
Multiple cerebral infarcts
Repeated head injury

31
Q

What is Parkinson’s syndrome?

A

An idiopathic movement disorder
Degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra
Causes depletion of dopaminergic tracts leading to basal ganglia
Classic triad of EP symptoms: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia
Also stooped posture, shuffling gait, mask like facies, recurrent falls

32
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease dementia?

A

80% eventually develop dementia
Linked to incr mortality, carer stress and nursing home admission
Early symptom: bradyphrenia
Distinguished from DLB as PD present before cognitive impairment
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can help

33
Q

Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson’s

A

Affect up to 40%
Strongest predictor of nursing home placement
Visual hallucinations are common
Management involves trying to gain a balance between too much and too little dopamine dopaminergic drugs can be slowly withdrawn or cautious doses of atypical antipsychotics tried - both may exacerbate parkinsonism

34
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

AR disorder of copper metabolism
Copper deposition occurs in liver, brain, cornea and other organs
Motor disturbance: tremor, dysarthria
Psychiatric symptoms may be first sign in a young person
Treat with cheating agents

35
Q

What is tertiary neurosyphillis?

A

Can occur if primary syphilis not adequately treated
Grandiose delusions, cognitive decline, neurological deficits

Meningovascular syphilis usually presents as delirium

36
Q

What are systemic illnesses to consider in depression?

A 
Addison's
B12 deficiency
Corticosteroids
Cushing's syndrome
Hypo/hyperparathyroidism 
Hypothyroidism
SLE
37
Q

What are systemic illnesses to consider in mania?

A

Corticosteroids
Cushing’s syndrome
Hypothyroidism rarely -myxoedema madness

38
Q

What are systemic illnesses to consider in anxiety?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Hyperthyroidism
Phaeochromocytoma

39
Q

What are systemic illnesses to consider in psychosis?

A 
Acute porphyria
Corticosteroids
Cushing's syndrome
Hypothyroidism
SLE
40
Q

What are systemic illnesses to consider in dementia?

A 
Addison's
B12 deficiency
Cushing's syndrome
Folate deficiency
Hypo/hyperparathyroidism 
Hypothyroidism
41
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Characterised by episodes of inflammation and demyelination at different sites and different times in the White matter tracts if the CNS.

42
Q

What psychiatric condition are those with MS likely to suffer from?

A 
Depression in 50% 
High risk of suicide
Due to pain, disability or medication 
Emotional lability can occur due to depression or MS
Treat like primary depression
Dementia in 60% in late stages MS
43
Q

What psychiatric illness might you expect to see following stroke?

A

1/3 suffer from depression
Impairs rehabilitation

Cognitive symptoms may be present relating to the pattern of brain damage

44
Q

Abdo pain

Psych sx

A

Acute intermittent porphyria

Precipitants: menstruation, alcohol, poor nutrition, drugs - OCP

45
Q

Diarrhoea
Derm sx
Depression / delerium
Poor diet

A

Pellagra

Niacin deficiency

46
Q 
Amnesia + confabulation
Hypersomnia
Hypophagia
Pyrexia
Polydipsia
A

3 red ventricle tumour

47
Q 
Unexplained psychosis
Woman
Rash
Neuro signs
Parkinsonism
A

SLE

Toni's Psych (14 decks)

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