organic paper 2

Question 1

What is the functional group of alcohol?

Answer 1

(-OH)

Question 2

What is the general formula of alcohol?

Answer 2

C(n)H(2n)+OH

Question 3

What are the trends in alcohols?

Answer 3

• All flammable
• All soluble
• All can be oxidised and turned into carboxylic acids

Question 4

Use of alcohols?

Answer 4

• Can be used as fuels (very flammable and releases loads of energy)
• Used as solvents (dissolves things that water cannot)

Question 5

Complete combustion of alcohol?

Answer 5

Alcohol + O(2) –> CO(2) + H(2)O

Question 6

How do you make carboxylic acids from alcohols?

Answer 6

Using an oxidising agent, in this case potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid as well as heat

Question 7

Oxidising agents for carboxylic acids?

Answer 7

Potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid

Question 8

Carboxylic acid functional group?

Answer 8

(-COOH)

Question 9

Ethanol manufacturing: Ethene + steam

Answer 9

Reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300(degrees celsius) and a pressure of 60-70 atm

Question 10

What is the process that ethanol manufacturing? And what type of reaction is it?

Answer 10

• Ethene is produced from crude oil (alkene)
• Ethene(C2H4) will react with steam (H2O) to make ethanol

This is an addition reaction because water is added to the molecule

Question 11

What is the catalyst used for this process?

Answer 11

phosphoric acid

Question 12

what temperature is used for this process?

Answer 12

300 degrees celcius

Question 13

what pressure is used for this process?

Answer 13

60-70 atm

Question 14

Ethanol manufacturing: Fermentation

Answer 14

Raw material used is: Glucose

Fermentation of glucose converts it to ethanol via the yeast

Question 15

Why are yeast cells used?

Answer 15

They contain natural enzymes

Question 16

What is the optimum temperature?

Answer 16

About 30 degrees celcius

Question 17

Why would a lower/higher temp be bad?

Answer 17

Higher temp- enzymes can denature

Lower temp- enzymes would have slower reactions

Question 18

Advantage/disadvantage of fermentation manufactoring?

Answer 18

A: Raw materials are cheap + renewable (yeast and sugar(cane) are easy to grow)

D: Ethanol from this process isn’t very concentrated, so it needs to be distilled to increase strength

Question 19

Carboxylic acids functional group?

Answer 19

-COOH

Question 20

General formula of carboxylic acids?

Answer 20

C(n)H(2)n+1COOH

Question 21

what can carboxylic acids do?

Answer 21

• They can be used to form salts, salts are formed are called -anoate
  (ethanoic acid -> ethanoate)
• Carboxylic acids in aq solutions react with metal carbonates to form salt + water + co2
  (ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate ->
  sodium ethanoate + water + co2

Question 22

How are esters formed?

Answer 22

Esters are formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

alcohol + carboxylic acid –> ester + water

Question 23

Which catalyst is used for formin esters?

Answer 23

Concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 24

What are the qualities of esters?

Answer 24

• Esters have a pleasant smell, often fruity and sweet
• They are volatile (evaporate fast) and are often used in perfumes and food flavours

Question 25

Esters: PRACTICAL (ethyl ethanoate), what is the method?

Answer 25

1. Add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to a boiling tube using a dropping pipette
2. Add 10 drops of ethanoic acid
3. Add an equal volume of ethanol
4. Place the boiling tube in a beaker of water and place on a tripod
5. Heat using a bunsen burner (until boiling)
6. After one minute, remove the tube and allow it to cool
7. Once it has cooled, pour mixture of sodium carbonate solution and mix
8. A layer of ester should form at the top (should smell sweet!)