ORGANIC MOCKS Flashcards

1
Q

how can alkenes be made sustainable from alcohols?

A

providing the alcohols have been made my fermentation of glucose from plants

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2
Q

how do you produce an alkene from an alcohol and what is this called?

A

eliminate water from the alcohol

= dehydration

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3
Q

what are alkenes mainly used for?

A

to make polymers used to make plastics

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4
Q

which acid catalyst is required for the dehydration of an alcohol to form an alkene?

A

sulfuric acid - H2SO4

phosphoric acid - H3PO4

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5
Q

equation for producing ethene from ethanol?

A

C2H5OH —— C2H4 + H2O

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6
Q

conditions for thermal cracking and products

A

high temperature
high pressure

high percentage of alkenes

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7
Q

conditions for catalytic cracking and main products

A

slight pressure
high temperature
ZEOLITE CATALYST

aromatic hydrocarbons
motor fuels

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8
Q

why can sulfur dioxide be removed from flue gases using calcium oxide?

A

the basic oxide reacts with the sulfur dioxide forming calcium sulfite which is an ionic solid easily removed as a white powder

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9
Q

why is ozone in the atmosphere a good thing?

A

reduces the harmful effects of UV radiation

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10
Q

uses of poly(chloroethene)

A
  • can be made hard or flexible so

insulation for electrical wires
gutters / pipes

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11
Q

why are polymers unreactive?

A

the molecules are saturated as all of the bonds holding the carbon chain together are single

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12
Q

how do plasticisers work?

A

small molecules which get between the polymer chain, forcing them apart so they can slide over each other

eg - PVC = rigid = drainpipes / flexible = aprons

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13
Q

why are polymers not biodegradable?

A

strong, non-polar C-H / C-C bonds so very unreactive

not attacked by biological agents such as ENZYMES

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14
Q

how are alcohols produced industrially?

A

hydration of alkenes in presence of acid catalyst

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15
Q

conditions for fermentation of glucose to form ethanol

A

sugars dissolved in water, mixed with yeast

anaerobic conditions - (no air can get in)

25-35 degrees

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16
Q

equation for fermentation of glucose to form ethanol

A

C6H12O6 ——- 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

17
Q

what is a biofuel?

A

a fuel produced from renewable biological sources

18
Q

why are biofuels such as ethanol not necessarily carbon neutral?

A
  • the sugar cane on the land could’ve been forest taking in + holding CO2
  • the harvesting + installations use electricity
  • the ethanol needs to be transported for sale which uses fuel
19
Q

conditions for reaction between alkene and steam to form an alcohol?

A

300 degrees

60 - 70 atm

phosphoric (V) acid catalyst

20
Q

what can primary alcohols be oxidised to?

A

ALDEHYDES which can be further oxidised to CARBOXYLIC ACID

21
Q

what can secondary alcohols be oxidised to?

22
Q

what oxidising agent is used when oxidising alcohols

A

potassium dichromate (VI) acidified with dilute sulfuric acid

23
Q

conditions for dehydration of an alcohol to produce an alkene?

A

excess hot conc sulfuric acid

or passing vapours over heated aluminium oxide

24
Q

what is an alternative dehydrating agent?

A

phosphoric (V) acid

25
why are tertiary alcohols not easily oxidised?
oxidation would need a C-C bond to break rather than a C-H bond
26
conditions for oxidising a primary alcohol to an aldehyde ONLY
dilute acid less potassium dichromate (VI) than needed for complete (O) mixture heated gently, receiver cooled to reduce evaporation of product
27
conditions to fully oxidise primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid
concentrated sulfuric acid excess potassium dichromate (VI) REFLUXED
28
what does reflux mean?
vapour condenses and drips back into the reaction flask
29
how is Tollens' reagent used to test for aldehydes and ketones?
oxidises aldehydes ----- silver mirror as Ag+ ions reduced to metallic silver Ag no effect on ketones
30
what colour is Fehling's reagent initially?
contains blue copper (II) complex ions
31
result upon warming an aldehyde with Fehling's reagent
blue soln ------ brick red ppt (copper (I) oxide)