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chemistry > ORGANIC MOCKS > Flashcards

ORGANIC MOCKS Flashcards

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1
Q

how can alkenes be made sustainable from alcohols?

A

providing the alcohols have been made my fermentation of glucose from plants

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2
Q

how do you produce an alkene from an alcohol and what is this called?

A

eliminate water from the alcohol

= dehydration

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3
Q

what are alkenes mainly used for?

A

to make polymers used to make plastics

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4
Q

which acid catalyst is required for the dehydration of an alcohol to form an alkene?

A

sulfuric acid - H2SO4

phosphoric acid - H3PO4

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5
Q

equation for producing ethene from ethanol?

A

C2H5OH —— C2H4 + H2O

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6
Q

conditions for thermal cracking and products

A

high temperature
high pressure

high percentage of alkenes

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7
Q

conditions for catalytic cracking and main products

A

slight pressure
high temperature
ZEOLITE CATALYST

aromatic hydrocarbons
motor fuels

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8
Q

why can sulfur dioxide be removed from flue gases using calcium oxide?

A

the basic oxide reacts with the sulfur dioxide forming calcium sulfite which is an ionic solid easily removed as a white powder

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9
Q

why is ozone in the atmosphere a good thing?

A

reduces the harmful effects of UV radiation

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10
Q

uses of poly(chloroethene)

A
  • can be made hard or flexible so

insulation for electrical wires
gutters / pipes

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11
Q

why are polymers unreactive?

A

the molecules are saturated as all of the bonds holding the carbon chain together are single

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12
Q

how do plasticisers work?

A

small molecules which get between the polymer chain, forcing them apart so they can slide over each other

eg - PVC = rigid = drainpipes / flexible = aprons

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13
Q

why are polymers not biodegradable?

A

strong, non-polar C-H / C-C bonds so very unreactive

not attacked by biological agents such as ENZYMES

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14
Q

how are alcohols produced industrially?

A

hydration of alkenes in presence of acid catalyst

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15
Q

conditions for fermentation of glucose to form ethanol

A

sugars dissolved in water, mixed with yeast

anaerobic conditions - (no air can get in)

25-35 degrees

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16
Q

equation for fermentation of glucose to form ethanol

A

C6H12O6 ——- 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

17
Q

what is a biofuel?

A

a fuel produced from renewable biological sources

18
Q

why are biofuels such as ethanol not necessarily carbon neutral?

A
  • the sugar cane on the land could’ve been forest taking in + holding CO2
  • the harvesting + installations use electricity
  • the ethanol needs to be transported for sale which uses fuel
19
Q

conditions for reaction between alkene and steam to form an alcohol?

A

300 degrees

60 - 70 atm

phosphoric (V) acid catalyst

20
Q

what can primary alcohols be oxidised to?

A

ALDEHYDES which can be further oxidised to CARBOXYLIC ACID

21
Q

what can secondary alcohols be oxidised to?

A

ketones

22
Q

what oxidising agent is used when oxidising alcohols

A

potassium dichromate (VI) acidified with dilute sulfuric acid

23
Q

conditions for dehydration of an alcohol to produce an alkene?

A

excess hot conc sulfuric acid

or passing vapours over heated aluminium oxide

24
Q

what is an alternative dehydrating agent?

A

phosphoric (V) acid

25
Q

why are tertiary alcohols not easily oxidised?

A

oxidation would need a C-C bond to break rather than a C-H bond

26
Q

conditions for oxidising a primary alcohol to an aldehyde ONLY

A

dilute acid

less potassium dichromate (VI) than needed for complete (O)

mixture heated gently, receiver cooled to reduce evaporation of product

27
Q

conditions to fully oxidise primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A

concentrated sulfuric acid

excess potassium dichromate (VI)

REFLUXED

28
Q

what does reflux mean?

A

vapour condenses and drips back into the reaction flask

29
Q

how is Tollens’ reagent used to test for aldehydes and ketones?

A

oxidises aldehydes —– silver mirror as Ag+ ions reduced to metallic silver Ag

no effect on ketones

30
Q

what colour is Fehling’s reagent initially?

A

contains blue copper (II) complex ions

31
Q

result upon warming an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent

A

blue soln —— brick red ppt (copper (I) oxide)

chemistry (9 decks)

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