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A Level Chemistry > Organic Mechanisms > Flashcards

Organic Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane to Haloalkane

A

Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution
Reagent: Halogen
Condition: UV light

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2
Q

Haloalkane to Alcohol

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagent: NaOH
Conditions: Warm, aqueous, reflux

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3
Q

Haloalkane to Nitrile

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagent: KCN
Conditions: Hot (reflux), ethanolic

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4
Q

Haloalkane to Amine

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagent: NH3
Condition: Heat (warm), XS NH3

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5
Q

Haloalkane to Alkene

A

Mechanism: Elimination
Reagent: NaOH
Condition: Ethanolic, reflux

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6
Q

Alkene to Haloalkane

A

Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition
Reagent: Halogen (e.g. Cl2 or Br2)
Condition: Aqueous

OR

Reagent: HX (hydrogen halide)
Condition: Room temp (approx. 25 degrees Celsius)

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7
Q

Alkene to Alcohol

A

Mechanism: Hydration
Reagent: H3PO4 catalyst
Condition: Steam, 300 degrees Celsius, 60 atm

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8
Q

Alcohol to Alkene

A

Mechanism: Elimination
Reagent: XS conc. H2SO4
Condition: 170 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

Alcohol to Aldehyde

A

Mechanism: Oxidation
Reagent: K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
Condition: Heat primary alcohol in distillation apparatus

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10
Q

Alcohol to Ketone

A

Mechanism: Oxidation
Reagent: K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
Condition: Heat secondary alcohol under reflux

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11
Q

Aldehyde to Alcohol

A

Mechanism: Reduction (nucleophilic addition)
Reagent: NaBH4
Condition: Aqueous, in water with methanol

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12
Q

Ketone to Alcohol

A

Mechanism: Reduction (nucleophilic addition)
Reagent: NaBH4
Condition: Aqueous, in water with methanol

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13
Q

Aldehyde/Ketone to 2-hydroxynitrile

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition
Reagent: KCN followed by dilute acid (e.g. H2SO4)
Condition: Aqueous, room temp (approx. 25 degrees Celsius)

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14
Q

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

A

Mechanism: Oxidation
Reagent: K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
Condition: Reflux

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15
Q

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reagent: H2O
Condition: Room temp

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16
Q

Acyl Chloride to Ester

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reagent: Alcohol, conc H2SO4
Condition: Room temp

17
Q

Acyl Chloride to Amide

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination
Reagent: NH3
Condition: Room temp

18
Q

Acyl Chloride to N-substituted amide

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination
Reagent: Amine
Condition: Room temp

19
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

A

Mechanism: Esterification
Reagent: Alcohol, conc. H2SO4 catalyst
Condition: Reflux

20
Q

Ester to Carboxylic Acid

A

Mechanism: Hydrolysis
Reagent: Dilute acid (e.g. HS2O4), H2O
Condition: Reflux

21
Q

Benzene to Cyclohexane

A

Mechanism: Hydrogenation
Reagent: H2
Condition: Ni catalyst, 200 degrees Celsius

22
Q

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

A

Mechanism: Electrophilic Substitution
Reagent: Conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4
Condition: Below 55 degrees Celsius

23
Q

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

A

Mechanism: Reduction
Reagent: Sn/HCl
Condition: Reflux/heat

24
Q

Phenylamine to N-phenylethanamide

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reagent: CH3COCl
Condition: Room temp

25
Q

Benzene to Phenylketone

A

Mechanism: Electrophilic Substitution
Reagent: RCOCl, AlCl3 catalyst
Condition: Reflux, anhydrous environment

26
Q

Alcohol to Haloalkane

A

Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagent: NaX, H2SO4
Condition: Room temp

27
Q

Alkene to Alkane

A

Mechanism: Hydrogenation
Reagent: H2
Condition: Ni catalyst, 200 degrees Celsius

28
Q

Nitrile to Primary Amine

A

Mechanism: Reduction
Reagent: LiAlH4
Condition: Dilute H2SO4

A Level Chemistry (5 decks)

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