Organic Mechanisms Flashcards by N Y

Q

Alkene to Alkane?

A

React with H₂ with a nickel catalyst.

This is reduction/nucleophilic addition.

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Q

Alkane to haloalkane?

A

Halogen with UV radiation. React with halogen radical.

This if free radical substitution.

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Q

Alkene to haloalkane?

A

React with hydrogen halide.

This is electrophilic addition.

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Q

Alkene to alcohol?

A

React with steam and H₂SO₄

This is hydration.

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Q

Alcohol to alkene?

A

React with conc. H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄ and heat

This is dehydration.

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Q

Haloalkane to alcohol?

A

React with NaOH

This is nucleophilic substitution.

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Q

Alcohol to haloalkane?

A

React with sodium halide with H₂SO₄ as a catalyst.

This is nucleophilic substitution.

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Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde?

A

React with acidified dichromate, [O], distill.

This is oxidation.

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Q

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid?

A

React with acidified dichromate, [O], reflux.

This is oxidation.

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Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone?

A

React with acidified dichromate, [O], reflux.

This is oxidation.

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Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

React with NaBH₄

This is reduction.

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Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

React with NaBH₄

This is reduction.

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Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile?

A

:React with CN⁻ and H⁺

This is nucleophilic addition.

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Q

Ketone to hydroxynitrile?

A

React with :CN⁻ and H⁺

This is nucleophilic addition.

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Q

Haloalkane to amine?

A

React with NH₃ and ethanol, heat under pressure.

This is nucleophilic substitution.

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Q

Haloalkane to nitrile?

A

React with :CN⁻ and ethanol.

This is nucleophilic substitution.

Q

Nitrile to amine?

A

React with H₂ with a nickel catalyst.

This is reduction/nucleophilic addition.

Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid?

A

React with aqueous acid

This is acid hydrolysis.

Q

Carboxylic acid to ester?

A

React with alcohol and an acid catalyst.

This is esterification.

Q

Carboxylic acid to acid anhydride?

A

Dehydration of two carboxylic acids.

Q

Acid anhydride to carboxylic acid?

A

React with H₂O

This is hydrolysis/hydration.

Q

Acid anhydride to ester?

A

React with alcohol and an acid catalyst.

This is nucleophilic addition.

Q

Ester undergoes acid hydrolysis to form…?

A

Carboxylic acid and alcohol.

Q

Ester undergoes base hydrolysis to form…?

A

Carboxylate ion and alcohol.

Q

Acyl chloride to ester?

A

React with an alcohol.

This is called nucleophilic addition.

Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide?

A

React with NH₃

This is nucleophilic addition.

Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amide?

A

React with R-NH₂

This is nucleophilic addition.

Q

Amide undergoes acid hydrolysis to form…?

A

Ammonium salt and carboxylic acid

Q

Amide undergoes base hydrolysis to form…?

A

Amine and carboxylate salt

Q

Amine to amide?

A

React with acyl chloride

This is nucleophilic addition.