Organic Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Alkene to Alkane?

A

React with H₂ with a nickel catalyst.

This is reduction/nucleophilic addition.

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2
Q

Alkane to haloalkane?

A

Halogen with UV radiation. React with halogen radical.

This if free radical substitution.

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3
Q

Alkene to haloalkane?

A

React with hydrogen halide.

This is electrophilic addition.

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4
Q

Alkene to alcohol?

A

React with steam and H₂SO₄

This is hydration.

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5
Q

Alcohol to alkene?

A

React with conc. H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄ and heat

This is dehydration.

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6
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol?

A

React with NaOH

This is nucleophilic substitution.

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7
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane?

A

React with sodium halide with H₂SO₄ as a catalyst.

This is nucleophilic substitution.

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8
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde?

A

React with acidified dichromate, [O], distill.

This is oxidation.

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9
Q

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid?

A

React with acidified dichromate, [O], reflux.

This is oxidation.

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10
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone?

A

React with acidified dichromate, [O], reflux.

This is oxidation.

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11
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

React with NaBH₄

This is reduction.

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12
Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

React with NaBH₄

This is reduction.

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13
Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile?

A

:React with CN⁻ and H⁺

This is nucleophilic addition.

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14
Q

Ketone to hydroxynitrile?

A

React with :CN⁻ and H⁺

This is nucleophilic addition.

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15
Q

Haloalkane to amine?

A

React with NH₃ and ethanol, heat under pressure.

This is nucleophilic substitution.

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16
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile?

A

React with :CN⁻ and ethanol.

This is nucleophilic substitution.

17
Q

Nitrile to amine?

A

React with H₂ with a nickel catalyst.

This is reduction/nucleophilic addition.

18
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid?

A

React with aqueous acid

This is acid hydrolysis.

19
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester?

A

React with alcohol and an acid catalyst.

This is esterification.

20
Q

Carboxylic acid to acid anhydride?

A

Dehydration of two carboxylic acids.

21
Q

Acid anhydride to carboxylic acid?

A

React with H₂O

This is hydrolysis/hydration.

22
Q

Acid anhydride to ester?

A

React with alcohol and an acid catalyst.

This is nucleophilic addition.

23
Q

Ester undergoes acid hydrolysis to form…?

A

Carboxylic acid and alcohol.

24
Q

Ester undergoes base hydrolysis to form…?

A

Carboxylate ion and alcohol.

25
Acyl chloride to ester?
React with an alcohol. This is called ***nucleophilic addition***.
26
Acyl chloride to primary amide?
React with NH₃ This is ***nucleophilic addition***.
27
Acyl chloride to secondary amide?
React with R-NH₂ This is ***nucleophilic addition***.
28
Amide undergoes acid hydrolysis to form...?
Ammonium salt and carboxylic acid
29
Amide undergoes base hydrolysis to form...?
Amine and carboxylate salt
30
Amine to amide?
React with acyl chloride This is ***nucleophilic addition***.