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Organic Chemistry > Organic I > Flashcards

Organic I Flashcards

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1
Q

What is thermal cracking and what are the conditions?

A

• Temperature: 1200K
• Pressure: 7000kPa
• The cracking of carbon chains to produce lots of alkenes and some alkanes

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2
Q

What is catalytic cracking and what are the conditions?

A

• Temperature: 720K
• Pressure: normal
• Zeolite catalyst
• Produces aromatic compounds

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3
Q

The combustion of alkanes produces…

A

• Carbon dioxide and water (if complete combustion)
• Carbon monoxide / carbon particulates and water (if incomplete)

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4
Q

What is a catalytic converter and what is it used for?

A

• Uses a rhodium catalyst to convert harmful products into more stable products like water and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

How can you identify an alkene double bond?

A

• Bromine water will change form orange/brown to colourless in the presence of alkenes
• This is because the double bond opens to accept the bromine atoms, becoming saturated

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6
Q

Alkenes can undergo… with hydrogen to produce…
What does this reaction require and what is it also called?

A

• Electrophilic addition
• Alkanes
• Nickel catalyst
• Hydrogenation

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7
Q

What is catalytic hydrogenation used for?

A

• The manufacture of margarine from unsaturated vegetable oils

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8
Q

Alkenes react with halogens to produce… via…

A

• Dihalogenoalkanes
• Electrophilic addition

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9
Q

Alkenes react with hydrogen halides to produce… via…

A

• Mono-substituted halogenoalkanes
• Electrophilic addition

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10
Q

Alkenes react with steam to form … via …
This reaction requires…
This reaction is also called a …

A

• Alcohols
• An Electrophilic addition reaction
• An acid catalyst
• Hydration reaction

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11
Q

Alkenes react with acidified potassium manganate (VII) to make a … via …
The conditions for this reaction are…
What is the colour change?

A

• Diol
• An addition reaction which is also an oxidation reaction (the double bond is oxidised)
• The mangantes ions must be cold, dilute and acidified
• Pale purple solution turns colourless

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12
Q

Name 3 common electrophiles

A

• HBr
• Br2
• Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

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13
Q

The more stable the carbocation, the …
Therefore…

A

• More likely is it to form
• The major product will always be the one that is formed via the most stable carbocation intermediate possible (tertiary)

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14
Q

Alkenes form polymers through…

A

• Addition polymerisation

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15
Q

Waste polymers can be processed in different ways. Some can be …

A

• Recycled
• Used as feedstock for cracking
• Incinerated to produce energy for other industrial processes ( but this can release toxic gases which must be removed )

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16
Q

The rate of reaction … for halogenoalkanes as you move down the group because …

A

• Increases
• The greater the Mr, the lower the bond enthalpy (longer bond + less electronegative). A lower bond enthalpy means the bond can be broken more easily

17
Q

Halogenoalkanes can react with aqueous alkali (soluble base) like potassium hydroxide to produce… in a … reaction
The hydroxide ion acts as a …

A

• Alcohols
• Nucleophilic substitution
• Nucleophile

18
Q

Halogenoalkanes can react with ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce … in an … reaction. The OH acts as a …

A

• An alkene
• Elimination
• Base

19
Q

Outline how halogenoalkanes and silver nitrate can react
What is the role of the water?
What then happens as a result?

A

• Halogenoalkanes can be broken down using aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol
• The water acts as a nucleophile which breaks down the halogenoalkane, releasing the halide ions into the solution
• The halide ions then react with the silver ions from silver nitrate to form silver precipitates with different colours

20
Q

In the reaction of halogenoalkanes with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol, what are the colours of the silver precipitates and which halogenoalkane would react the fastest?

A

• AgCl - white precipitate
• AgBr - cream precipitate
• AgI - yellow precipitate

• Bond strength decreases with increasing Mr, so iodoalkanes would be the fastest

21
Q

Halogenoalkanes can react with alcoholic ammonia to form… in a … reaction
Ammonia acts as a …

A

• Primary amines
• Nucleophillic substitution
• Nucleophile

22
Q

Halogenoalkanes can react with alcoholic potassium cyanide to form … in a … reaction
The cyanide ion acts as a …
This reaction is useful for…

A

• Nitriles
• Nucleophilic substitution
• Nucleophile
• Increasing the length of carbon chains

23
Q

Name 3 common Nucleophiles

A

• Cyanide (CN-)
• Ammonia (NH3)
• Hydroxide (OH-)

  • All have lone pairs
24
Q

Alcohols react with oxygen to form …
This means alcohols make good…

A

• Carbon dioxide and water
• Fuels as lots of energy is released

25
Q

Alcohols react with halogenating agents via …
Outline what is replaced and therefore formed

A

• Nucleophilic substitution
• The OH group is replaced by a halogen, producing a halogenoalkane

26
Q

Alcohols can react with … to make chloroalkanes
This reaction can be used as a test for…

A

• PCl5
• A test for alcohols because their reaction with PCl5 produces white steamy fumes that turn damp blue litmus paper red

27
Q

Alcohols can react with … to make bromoalkanes
What happens in this reaction?

A

• 50% concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium bromide
• The potassium bromide reacts with the sulfuric acid to form HBr. This then reacts with the alcohol to make the bromoalkane

28
Q

How can iodoalkanes be made from alcohols?
What is the equation of this step?
What is also a product in the final equation?

A

• A reaction mixture of red phosphorus with iodine is used. First, the phosphorus reacts with the iodine to produce phosphorus (III) iodine. This reacts with the alcohol to form the iodoalkane
• 2P + 3I2 —> 2PI3
• H3PO3

29
Q

How can alkenes be made from alcohols ?
What reagent is needed?

A

• The dehydration of alcohols via an elimination (a water molecule is removed)
• Concentrated phosphoric acid

30
Q

Acidified potassium dichromate means it is…

A

• In a solution of dilute acid like dilute sulfuric acid

31
Q

How does the oxidation of primary alcohols occur?
What else is a product of this?
What else can happen?

A

• Potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid to produce aldehydes and distillation is required to separate the aldehyde product
• Water
• When heated under reflux conditions, primary alcohols are further oxidised to carboxylic acids

32
Q

How does the oxidation of secondary alcohols occur?
What else is in the products ?

A

• Can be oxidised in the presence of potassium dichromate (VI) with dilute sulfuric acid to produce ketones
• H2 (hydrogen)

33
Q

What is observed when alcohols are oxidised with potassium dichromate (VI)?

A

• It is the oxidising agent, so it is reduced itself. It changes from Orange to green.

34
Q

What is a test for aldehydes?
What is a positive result?
What is a negative result?
What does the solution act as ?

A

• Benedicts/ Fehlings solution
• When a few drops of this are added and the rest tubs is warmed, a red precipitate will form if an aldehyde is present
• If no aldehyde is present the solution will remain blue (ketones will not give a positive result)
• An oxidising agent

35
Q

What is a separating funnel used for ?

A

• Seperating two liquids with different densities

36
Q

What is distillation used for ?

A

• Separating liquids with different boiling points

37
Q

How do you proceed with drying a compound?
What is a common example of this?

A

• Addition of an anhydrous salt (contains no water)
• It will absorb moisture and water present
• Sodium sulphate
(Na2SO4)

38
Q

How to determine the boiling point of a compound?

A

• Substance is packed into thiele tube which has an inverted capillary tube in it
• Substance is heated above its boiling point and allowed to cool
• When it condenses into a liquid it will be drawn into the capillary tube and the temperature at which this change occurs is taken to be the boiling point

Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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