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Developing Fuels > Organic Groups > Flashcards

Organic Groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes (formed from only hydrogen & carbon with just single bonds)

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2
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

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3
Q

What’s the general formula for alkanes with no ring?

A

Cn H2n+2

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4
Q

What type of bond do alkenes contain?

A

Double bond between carbon atoms

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5
Q

What type of bond do alkynes contain?

A

Triple bond between 2 carbon atoms

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6
Q

What are arenes?

A

Compounds that contain a benzene ring

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7
Q

What are aliphatic compounds?

A

Compounds that don’t contain a benzene ring

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8
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula (same number and type of atoms) but with different structures (atoms connected in a different order) they are different compounds with different properties

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9
Q

What’s the general formula for cycloalkanes

A

Cn H2n (unless there’s more than 1 ring)

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10
Q

What are small alkane molecules like? ( up to 4C)

A

Colourless gases

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11
Q

What are medium (5 to 16C) alkanes like?

A

Colourless liquids

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12
Q

What are large alkanes like?

A

White waxy solids

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13
Q

Why are alkane molecules non-polar?

A

C & H have very similar electronegativity values

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14
Q

Why are alkanes good fuels?

A

They don’t burn until ignited (have very high activation energies) & when they do burn a lot of energy is given out

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15
Q

What is an alkene?

A

hydrocarbons which contain one or more C=C, they are therefore unsaturated

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16
Q

what does a functional group determine?

A

how a molecule reacts

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17
Q

what’s the formula for alkenes with one double bond and no rings?

A

CnH2n

18
Q

where do the shared pair of electrons of each covalent bond exist?

A

in a molecular orbital

18
Q

what are the two main types of molecular orbital?

A

sigma and pi

18
Q

how are atoms bonded together in molecules?

A

covalently

19
Q

where is the shared pair of electrons in a sigma bond?

A

directly between the 2 nuclei

20
Q

what’s the strongest type of covalent bond?

A

sigma bonds

21
Q

why are sigma bonds the most common type of covalent bond?

A

all single bonds are sigma bonds and the first bond of a double or triple bond will also be a sigma bond

22
Q

draw a double bond (as pi and sigma)

A

the weird burger thing

23
Q

what reaction do alkenes undergo?

A

electrophilic addition reactions

23
Q

why are C=C prone to attack by electrophiles?

A

it consists of 2 pairs of electrons so is very electron rich (high electron density & the pi bond sticks out above and below the plane of the molecule)

24
Q

define electrophilic addition reaction

A

an addition reaction where 2 molecules react to give just 1 product molecule (by adding together)

24
Q

what’s the difference between a pi bond and a sigma bond?

A

a sigma bond is caused by the direct overlap of the p-orbitals of carbon atoms, pi bond are caused by the indirect ‘leaning’ overlap of p-orbitals

25
Q

which bond breaks when alkenes react?

A

the pi bond

26
Q

under which conditions do alkenes react with Br2 (both pure liquid bromine and br water)?

A

at room temperature and pressure

27
Q

how can you test for alkenes/unsaturated molecules?

A

add a few drops of bromine water (orange) and shake well, if the compound is unsaturated, a colour change from orange to colourless is seen

28
Q

draw the mechanism for electrophilic addition

A
29
Q

what is a carbocation?

A

a compound containing a carbon atom bearing a positive charge

30
Q

what conditions do you need to react an alkene with hydrogen bromide?

A

room temperature and pressure

31
Q

how many products will there be if a unsymmetrical alkene is reacted with hydrogen bromide?

A

2 (the bromine could be on either side of the carbon double bond)

32
Q

what are the reagents for a reaction between an alkene and water?

A

an alkene and water(steam)
must include steam!

33
Q

what are the conditions to react an alkene an water?

A

high temperature, high pressure and a phosphoric acid catalyst

34
Q

what are the conditions needed to react an alkene with hydrogen?

A

platinum catalyst under room teperature and pressure
or
nickel catalyst with high temperature and pressure

35
Q

what is a cycloalkane?

A

alkanes with a ring of carbon atoms, with two hydrogens attached to each carbon

36
Q

why are benzene rings so stable?

A

the double bond electrons are delocalised around the carbon ring (they’re not attached to any particular carbon atom)

37
Q

what’s the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

38
Q

Define an electrophile

A

A positive ion or molecule with a delta+ (slightly positive) region which is attracted to a negative region in a molecule, and reacts by accepting a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

Developing Fuels (5 decks)

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