Organic Functional Groups Flashcards
Alkanes
Contain only single-carbon bonds. Considered to be saturated with H.
General Formula: CnH2n+2.
Examples: Methane, Ethane, Propane (-ane).
Generally not reactive.
Can be formed by the hydrogenation of Alkenes or in the Wolff-Kishner Reduction of Aldehydes/ketones
Contain only single-carbon bonds. Considered to be saturated with H.
General Formula: CnH2n+2.
Examples: Methane, Ethane, Propane (-ane).
Generally not reactive.
Can be formed by the hydrogenation of Alkenes or in the Wolff-Kishner Reduction of Aldehydes/ketones
Alkanes
Alkenes
Have at least on double carbon bond.
General Formula: CnH2n. End in -ene.
AKA Olefins.
Much more reactive than Alkanes. Formed in elimination reaction of alcohols or alkyl halides.
Formed form aldehydes and ketones in the wittig reaction.
Have at least on double carbon bond.
General Formula: CnH2n. End in -ene.
AKA Olefins.
Much more reactive than Alkanes. Formed in elimination reaction of alcohols or alkyl halides.
Formed form aldehydes and ketones in the wittig reaction.
Alkenes
Alkynes
Have a triple carbon bond. End in -yne.
General formula: CnH2n-2
Can be hydrogenated to form alkenes. Formed from aldehydes in they Corey-Fuchs reaction
Have a triple carbon bond. End in -yne.
General formula: CnH2n-2
Can be hydrogenated to form alkenes. Formed from aldehydes in they Corey-Fuchs reaction
Alkynes
Alcohols
Contain an O atom bonded to H (hydroxl).
End in -ol, like methanol, ethanol, etc.
Participate in many reactions: oxidized into carboxylic acids and ketones, dehydrated to form alkenes.
Contain an O atom bonded to H (hydroxl).
End in -ol, like methanol, ethanol, etc.
Participate in many reactions: oxidized into carboxylic acids and ketones, dehydrated to form alkenes.
Alcohols
Carbonyl Compunds
A Carbonyl function group consists of a C double bonded to an O, Present in Aldehydes and Ketones.
A Carbonyl function group consists of a C double bonded to an O, Present in Aldehydes and Ketones.
Carbonyl Compunds
Aldehydes
Have a “terminal” carbonyl group, meaning the carbonyl is at the end of a carbon chain.
Simplest: formaldehyde(H2CO). Others end in -al.
Form tertiary alcohols when reacted with the Grignard reagent.
Form a silver mirror when reacted with the Tollens reagent.
Have a “terminal” carbonyl group, meaning the carbonyl is at the end of a carbon chain.
Simplest: formaldehyde(H2CO). Others end in -al.
Form tertiary alcohols when reacted with the Grignard reagent.
Form a silver mirror when reacted with the Tollens reagent.
Aldehydes
Ketones
Have a non-terminal carbonyl group.
Simplest Ketone is Acetone (CH3)2CO.
Ketones don’t react with the Tollens reagent.
Can be formed by the oxidation of secondary alcohols.
Have a non-terminal carbonyl group.
Simplest Ketone is Acetone (CH3)2CO.
Ketones don’t react with the Tollens reagent.
Can be formed by the oxidation of secondary alcohols.
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH. Carboxyl group usually written -COOH.
Most are acidic (Acetic acid).
Simplest acid: formic acid, which is in ant venom.
Formed from aldehydes in the Cannizzaro reaction.
C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH. Carboxyl group usually written -COOH.
Most are acidic (Acetic acid).
Simplest acid: formic acid, which is in ant venom.
Formed from aldehydes in the Cannizzaro reaction.
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Contain a C double bonded to one O, and single bonded to another O. R-COO-R.
Smell fruity.
Commonly formed in the Fischer esterification, from treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol. Also used in the Claisen condensation.
Contain a C double bonded to one O, and single bonded to another O. R-COO-R.
Smell fruity.
Commonly formed in the Fischer esterification, from treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol. Also used in the Claisen condensation.
Esters
Esthers
Contain an O bonded to 2 C atoms. R-O-R.
Esthers originally used as anesthetics, particularly dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3).
Formed in the Williamson synthesis of alkyl halides and alcohols.
Contain an O bonded to 2 C atoms. R-O-R.
Esthers originally used as anesthetics, particularly dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3).
Formed in the Williamson synthesis of alkyl halides and alcohols.
Esthers
Amines
N containing functional group. Consist of N with a lone pair. (NH3 with at least one H replaced with a C).
N containing functional group. Consist of N with a lone pair. (NH3 with at least one H replaced with a C).
Amines
Amides
N containing functional group.
Consist of an N bonded to a Carbonyl. -NC=O
N containing functional group.
Consist of an N bonded to a Carbonyl. -NC=O
Amides
Nitriles
N containing functional group.
Consist of an N triple bonded to a C.
N containing functional group.
Consist of an N triple bonded to a C.
Nitriles
Phenyls
Phenyl group (C6H5) essentially a benzene ring. Called aromatic compounds because they alternate between single and double bonds. Phenyl containing compounds include Phenol (C6H5OH), toluene (C6H5CH3) and aniline (amine, C6H5NH2)
