Organic Conversion (Y12 & Y13) Flashcards by Lyanne Penney

Alkene → alkane

H₂ , Ni catalyst, 150°C

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Alkene → Dihaloalkane

Halogen, RTP

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Alcohol → Alkene

Acid catalyst e.g. sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid + heat

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Alkene → Alcohol

Steam, Acid catalyst e.g. sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid + Heat (over 100°C

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Alkene → Haloalkane

Hydrogen halide, RTP

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Alkane → Haloalkane

Halogen, UV light

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Haloalkane → Primary Amine

Excess ammonia in ethanol, heat

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Nitrile → Amine

H₂, Ni/Pt catalyst, heat

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Haloalkane → Nitrile

NaCN or KCN in ethanol, under reflux

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Nitrile → Carboxylic Acid

Dilute HCl, under reflux

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Carboxylic acid → Acyl Chloride

SOCl₂

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Acyl Chloride → Carboxylic Acid

Water

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Acyl Chloride → Primary Amide

NH₃

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Acyl Chloride → Secondary Amide

Primary amine

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Acyl Chloride → Ester

Alcohol

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Carboxylic acid → Ester

Alcohol, concentrated sulphuric acid, heat

Ester → Carboxylic acid

Dilute acid, reflux

Ester → Carboxylate salt (COO-)

Dilute alkali, reflux

Primary alcohol → Aldehyde

Cr₂O₇²⁻,H₂SO₄, distillation

Aldehyde → Primary alcohol

NaBH₄, water, heat

Alcohol → Ester

Carboxylic acid, concentrated H₄SO₄ catalyst, heat OR Acyl chloride OR Acid anhydride

Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Cr₂O₇²⁻, H₂SO₄, reflux

Aldehyde/Ketone → Hydroxynitrile

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Haloalkane → Alcohol

Reflux with aqueous NaOH/KOH

Hydroxynitrile → Hydroxyamine

H₂ and Ni/Pt catalyst, heat

Benzene → Halobenzene

Halogen, AlX₃ or FeX₃

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Concentrated HNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄, 50-55°C

Benzene → Phenylketone

Acyl chloride, AlCl₃ catalyst, under reflux

Benzene → Alkyl benzene

Haloalkane, AlX₃ catalyst, under reflux

Nitrobenzene → Phenylamine

Sn and concentrated HCl, under reflux

Phenol → 2-Nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol

Dilute HNO₃