Organic compounds and analysis Flashcards
Functional group priority
- Carboxylic acid
- Ester
- Primary amide
- Aldehyde
- Ketone
- Alcohol
- Amine
- Alkene
- Alkyne
- Alkane
- Haloalkane
Flashpoint
lowest temp at which the vapours of a liquid will ignite in the presence of oxygen and an ignition source
Viscosity
measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid, and it is affected by intermolecular forces and the shapes of the molecules
alkene ->alkane
h2 and Ni catalyst
alkene -> dichloroalkane
Cl2/AlCl3
alkene-> chloroalkane
HCl/AlCl3
alkene->alcohol
H2O/H3PO4
alkene-> bromoalkane
HBr/AlCl3
partial ox. primary alcohol->
aldehyde (Cr2O72-/H+)
full oxidation of primary alc ->
carboxylic acid (Cr2O72-/H+)
oxidation of secondary alc
ketone (Cr2O72-/H+)
To make ester
primary alc + carb acid (conc H2SO4) produces ester and water
To make amide
primary amine and carb acid, produces amide and water
IR spec
infrared waves, vibrations of bonds in molecules makes the bonds bend and stretch, gives information about covalent bonds and functional groups present in organic molecule
IR uses
Identification of organic compounds, design of new drugs in medicine, analysis of proteins, determination of extent of polymerisation in polymers, Brunswick identification of oils, fibres, paint flakes, hair samples, checking the quality of one samples, tea leaves and other consumer products that have a smell, testing for blood alcohol
IR features
Expensive, but simple infrared spectrometers are available at a lower cost, instrument operates in the IR region of electro magnetic spectrum, fast once sample is prepared, gases, liquids and solids can be used, absorption spectrometry, qualitative, some quantitative. The greater the concentration the less the transmittance, spectrum is a plot of transmittance against wave number
Mass spectrometer
instrument in mass spectrometry that ionisers, deflects and detects an Adam or molecule so that its mass to charge ratio can be measured.
NMR
Operates in the radiowave region of electromagnetic spectrum, a form of absorbent spectrometry, very fast but very expensive and hazardous because of the very strong magnetic field used, qualitative only, comes into forms low and high resolution, nuclear spin
Chromatography
I attraction of the Sample to the stationary phase is key to how the sample separates into its components. This force of attraction involves a process where the sample undergoes absorption to the stationary phase. The solubility of a sample in the mobile phase is also a key factor in the separation process. The ability of the mobile phase to resolve the Sample through and attractive force involves differing levels of solubility, in this process the Sample moves away from the stationary phase in a process known as desorption into the mobile phase
Haloalkane-> alcohol
KOH
