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BIOLOGY LECTURE 2.1 > Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Organic Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of organic?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

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2
Q

What macromolecule, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio similar to water, serves as a primary energy source, acts as an important structural material in plants and some animals, literally means “hydrated carbon,” is made up of repeating units called sugars, and can be stored as glycogen or fat in the liver or muscles when in excess?

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

3 Classification of Sugars according to size and solubility

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What type of carbohydrate consists of simple sugars with single ring structures containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms, has a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ratio of 1:2:1, serves as the basic unit of carbohydrates, and includes examples such as glucose, fructose, and galactose (hexoses) as well as deoxyribose and ribose (pentoses)?

A

Monosaccharides.

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5
Q

What type of carbohydrate, known as double sugars, is formed by two monosaccharides joined together through dehydration synthesis and must be hydrolyzed to break down into monosaccharides, with examples including sucrose (table sugar) created from glucose and fructose?

A

Disaccharides

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6
Q

What type of carbohydrate consists of long chains of simple sugars (polymers) linked together by dehydration synthesis, has individual units called monomers, forms large, insoluble molecules, lacks the sweetness found in monosaccharides and disaccharides, and includes examples such as starch, which serves as the storage form of carbohydrates in plants?

A

Polysaccharides.

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7
Q

types of polysaccharide

A

glycogen
cellulose
chitin

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8
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet, serving as the chief structural material in plants that provides rigidity, is indigestible by humans due to its complex arrangement of glucose, helps provide bulk and stimulates bowel movements, and is digested by the enzyme cellulase produced by bacteria and protozoans to yield glucose?

A

cellulose

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8
Q

What is the storage carbohydrate in animal tissues that is a large, highly branched molecule, allowing it to be easily broken down to yield glucose?

A

glycogen

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9
Q

What is the second most abundant organic compound on Earth, which makes up the hard outer skeletons of certain animals such as insects, crabs, and lobsters, and is resistant to breakdown by bacteria and animals?

A

Chitin

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10
Q

What type of organic compound is characterized by being insoluble in water, dissolving readily in organic solvents, and includes examples such as fats, oils, and waxes?

A

Lipids

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11
Q

three forms of lipids

A

Neutral fats
phospholipids
steroids

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12
Q

What type of lipids, known as triglycerides, are composed of fatty acids and glycerol in a 3:1 ratio, are the most common type of fat in the body, serve functions such as heat loss and protection, are non-polar and do not mix with water, and can exist as solid (fats) or liquid (oils) depending on the length of fatty acid chains and degree of saturation?

A

Neutral fats

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13
Q

Types of Neutral fats?

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

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14
Q

What type of neutral fats, characterized by having single bonds between carbon atoms, longer fatty acid chains, and being solid at 20°C, include examples such as butter fat and meat fats, and are known to encourage the build-up of plaques in blood vessels?

A

Saturated fats

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15
Q

What type of neutral fats, characterized by having double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, shorter fatty acid chains, and being liquid at room temperature, include plant sources such as olive oil, peanut oil, and corn oil, and can be used as substitutes for butter in products like margarine?

A

Unsaturated

16
Q

What type of lipids are modified triglycerides consisting of two fatty acid chains and one phosphorus-containing group, featuring polar heads that attract water and ions and non-polar hydrocarbon tails, playing a crucial role in cell membranes by regulating transport?

A

Phospholipids

16
Q

What type of lipids are characterized by a structure made up of solid alcohol, lack fat-like properties, are fat-soluble, and contain very little oxygen?

A

Steroids

17
Q

What are some examples of steroids, which are lipids characterized by their unique structure and fat-soluble properties?

A

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, and progesterone.

18
Q

What type of lipid, derived from animal products, is a component of cell membranes, serves as a raw material for the synthesis of vitamin D and various steroid hormones (such as estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone), is manufactured in the liver, is most abundant in the brain, and must attach to proteins to form lipoproteins before it can circulate in the bloodstream?

A

Cholesterol.

19
Q

What is the term for the complex formed when cholesterol attaches to proteins, allowing it to circulate in the bloodstream?

A

Lipoprotein.

20
Q

two types of lipoproteins

A

High Density lipoproteins (HDL)
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

21
Q

What type of lipoprotein is characterized by having more protein and less lipid, facilitates the transport of cholesterol to the liver for elimination, and is commonly referred to as “good cholesterol”?

A

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL).

22
Q

What type of lipoprotein is characterized by having less protein and more lipid, contributes to the clogging of blood vessels, and is commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol”?

A

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL).

23
Q

What type of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur, phosphorus, and trace metals), constitute 10-20% of cell mass, are made up of building blocks called amino acids (with 20 total, including 8 essential amino acids obtained from food and 12 non-essential amino acids synthesized by the body), can act as either acids or bases, are linked by peptide bonds that break during hydrolysis, and whose deficiency can lead to brittle nails, rough skin, dull hair, and in extreme cases, kwashiorkor?

A

Proteins

24
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins, which consist of about 20 different types, include 8 essential amino acids obtained from food and 12 non-essential amino acids synthesized by the body, can act as either acids or bases, and are linked by peptide bonds?

A

amino acids

25
Q

how many essential amino acids and non essential amino acids?

A

*Essential aa (8)
*Non-essential (12)

26
Q

What is the extreme deficiency condition associated with a lack of protein, characterized by symptoms such as swollen abdomen, brittle nails, rough skin, and lackluster hair?

A

kwashiorkor

27
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

i.constitute framework of cytoplasm
ii.releases energy when oxidized
iii.source of enzymes and hormones
iv.repair of damaged/worn-out tissues

28
Q

levels of protein structure?

A

Primary structure
secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

29
Q

Two types of Proteins

A

Fibrous Protein
Globular Protein

30
Q

What type of protein has an extended strand-like appearance, is linear and insoluble in water, very stable, provides support and tensile strength to body tissues, is classified as “structural proteins” with most exhibiting secondary structure and some exhibiting quaternary structure, and includes examples such as leather, hair, nuclear membranes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria?

A

Fibrous Protein

31
Q

What type of protein is compact and spherical, exhibits tertiary to quaternary structures, is water-soluble, mobile, and chemically active, classified as “functional proteins,” dissolved in cellular fluids, and includes examples such as antibody molecules, enzymes, and plasma proteins?

A

Globular proteins.

32
Q

What type of macromolecules include DNA, which is the chief hereditary material, and RNA, which plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, are made up of structural units called nucleotides, and each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group?

A

Nucleic acids.

33
Q

what are the 4 bases of DNA

A

A, T, C, G

34
Q

what are the 4 bases of RNA

A

A, U, C, G

BIOLOGY LECTURE 2.1 (2 decks)

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