Organic Chemistry Test: Reactions Flashcards
Oxidation Reactions
the gain of oxygen or loss of a hydrogen with the use of an oxidizing agent [O]
What type of reaction is an oxidation reaction classified as?
elimination, dehydration/condensation reaction
How can aldehydes and ketones be prepared?
from the CONTROLLED oxidation of alcohols with oxidizing agents
The controlled oxidation of alcohols with oxidizing agents makes what?
aldehydes and ketones
Uncontrolled oxidation is also known as what kind of reaction?
combustion reaction
What happens when PRIMARY Alcohols are oxidized?
the H of the –OH group on the alcohol combines with another H from the alcohol and the oxidizing agent to form and ALDEHYDE and WATER
An aldehyde and a water molecule are the products of what reaction?
the oxidation of a PRIMARY Alcohol
What happens when SECONDARY Alcohols are oxidized?
the H of the –OH group on the alcohol combines with the other H from the alcohol and the oxidizing agent to from a KETONE and WATER
A ketone and a water molecule are the products of what reaction?
the oxidation of a SECONDARY Alcohol
What happens when TERTIARY Alcohols are oxidized?
nothing! the alcohol cannot be oxidized since there is no hydrogen available on the central carbon
Reduction Reactions
the loss of oxygen or a gain of hydrogen with the use of a reducing agent [H]
What type of reaction is a reduction reaction classified as?
addition, hydrogenation
How can alcohols be prepared?
from the reduction of aldehydes and ketones
What happens when aldehydes are reduced?
one of the hydrogens from the [H2] is added to the oxygen on the aldehyde to break the double bond and creates a –OH
the other H is added to the carbon of the aldehyde
THIS FORMS A PRIMARY ALCOHOL
A PRIMARY ALCOHOL is the product of what reaction?
the reduction of an aldehyde
What happens when ketones are reduced?
one of the hydrogens from the [H2] is added to the oxygen on the aldehyde to break to double bond and creates a –OH
the other H is added to the carbon of the ketone
THIS FORMS A SECONDARY ALCOHOL
A SECONDARY ALCOHOL is the product of what reaction?
the reduction of a ketone
Combustion Reactions
uncontrolled oxidation reactions
What type of reaction is an uncontrolled oxidation? reaction classified as?
a substitution reaction
In the presence of what can alcohols can undergo complete combustion? What are the resulting products?
in the presence of OXYGEN
products: water and carbon dioxide
Hydration Reactions
the addition of water
What type of reaction is a hydration reaction classified as?
an addition reaction
How can alcohols be formed?
from the hydration of an alkene with an acid catalyst (H2SO4)
The hydration of an alkene results in what?
an alcohol
What happens when an alkene undergoes hydration?
the double bond between the 2 carbon atoms separate so a H from the water molecule can be bonded to one of the carbon atoms
the –OH from the water molecule is attached to the other carbon atom
Dehydration Reactions
the loss of water
What type of reaction is a dehydration reaction classified as?
an elimination reaction
Alcohols decompose to produce what?
alkenes and water
What happens when an alcohol undergoes dehydration?
the H and –OH from the 2 carbon atoms are removed to form water, and the 2 open bonds come together to form a double bond between the 2 carbons
Substitution
2 reactants –––> 2 products
Addition
2 reactants –––> 1 product
Elimination
1 reactant –––> 2 products
Condensation Reactions
the loss of water
How can Ethers be formed?
through the condensation reaction between 2 ALCOHOLS with an acid catalyst
Condensation reactions can be classified as what type of reaction?
a substitution reaction
What happens when 2 ALCOHOLS undergo a condensation reaction?
the –OH of one of the alcohols and the H of the other alcohol come together to form water
the resulting parts of the alcohols combine to form an ETHER
Substitution reaction of an alcohol and an acid:
the –OH of the alcohol is substituted by the HALOGEN atom of the acid to form a HALOALKANE and WATER
Substitution reaction of a haloalkane and hydroxide ion:
the halogen atom of the haloalkane is substituted by the –OH to from an ALCOHOL and a halogen
What happens when an alkyl halide undergoes an elimination reaction?
the halogen and hydrogen of 2 carbons combine to form an acid, and the 2 open bonds from the carbons come together in double bond to form an ALKENE
What happens when an alcohol undergoes an elimination reaction?
the halogen and –OH of 2 carbons combine to form water, and the 2 open open bonds from the carbons come together in a double bond to form an ALKENE
What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?
combustion and substitution
What type of reactions do alkenes and alkynes undergo?
addition and substitution
Halogenation
What kind of reaction?
halogens (e.g. Br2 or Cl2) are added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the halogens to be attached
addition reaction
Hydrogenation
What kind of reaction?
hydrogen (H2) is added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the hydrogens to be attached
addition reaction
Hydrohalogenation
What kind of reaction?
the atoms of a hydrogen halide (e.g. HBr) is added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the H and and Halogen to be attached on either side of the double/triple bond
addition
How many possible products are there in a hydrohalogenation reaction? Why?
2 possible products because the hydrogen and halogen can either be added before or after the double bond, so you can have 2 possible products.
BUT by following Markinov’s Rule, the main product is the one where the H has been added to the carbon with the most Hydrogen bonds
Hydration/Hydrolysis
What kind of reaction?
water is added to the double or triple bond, placing a H on one CARBON and a –OH on the other, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the H and –OH to be attached on either side of the double/triple bond
addition
How many possible products are there in a hydration/hydrolysis reaction? Why?
2 possible products because the hydrogen and –OH can either be added before or after the double bond, so you can have 2 possible products
BUT by following Markinov’s Rule, the main product is the one where the H has been added to the carbon with the most Hydrogen bonds
What type of reaction happens when an alkyl halide is formed?
substitution, halogenation
What happens when an alkyl halide is formed?
a H from the hydrocarbon is combined with one of the atoms of the halogen to form an acid (e.g. hydrogen chloride HCl)
the other atom of the halogen is added to the hydrocarbon to form an alkyl halide
Halogenation, Addition of a Cycloalkene
the 2 atoms of the halogen are added to 2 hydrogens of the cyclic
Halogenation, Substitution of a Cycloalkene
1 atom of the halogen is substituded with a H on the cyclic to form a cyclic with a halogen and an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Bromide HBr)
What type of reactions do aromatics usually undergo?
substitution, because it is easy to replace hydrogen atoms in the ring this way
Halogenation of Aromatics
What kind of reaction?
a halide is added and 1 atom will add to the ring to form a HALOGENATED BENZENE
the other atom will combine with combine the hydrogen coming off the ring to form an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Chloride HCl)
substitution
Nitration of Aromatics
What kind of reaction?
Nitric acid (HNO3) will add NO2 to the ring to form NITROBENZENE
the –OH of nitric acid will combine with a H from the ring to form water
substitution
Alkylation of Aromatics
What kind of reaction?
the alkyl group of an alkyl halide will attach to the ring to form an ALKYLBENZENE
the H of the ring will combine with the halide to form an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Chloride HCl)
An ester is the product of a reaction between what 2 functional groups?
carboxylic acid and alcohol
carboxylic acid and alcohol produce what?
an ester
Which 2 reactants would undergo a condensation reaction to produce an amide and water?
carboxylic acid and an amine
What are the 2 reactants in an esterification reaction
carboxylic acid and an alcohol
What happens in an oxidation reaction?
a carbon will form more bonds to oxygen or fewer to hydrogen
What happens in a reduction reaction?
a carbon will form fewer bonds with oxygen or more bonds to hydrogen
Polymers can be made through which types of reactions?
condensation and addition
In order for condensation polymerization to occur…
each monomer must have 2 functional groups
Alkyl Halide –––> Alkene
elimination
Alkene –––> Alcohol
hydration/hydrolysis
Hydrocarbon –––> Carbon Dioxide
complete combustion
Alcohol –––> Alkyl Halide
substitution, condensation, halogenation
