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Chemistry 12 > Organic Chemistry Test: Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Test: Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Oxidation Reactions

A

the gain of oxygen or loss of a hydrogen with the use of an oxidizing agent [O]

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2
Q

What type of reaction is an oxidation reaction classified as?

A

elimination, dehydration/condensation reaction

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3
Q

How can aldehydes and ketones be prepared?

A

from the CONTROLLED oxidation of alcohols with oxidizing agents

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4
Q

The controlled oxidation of alcohols with oxidizing agents makes what?

A

aldehydes and ketones

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5
Q

Uncontrolled oxidation is also known as what kind of reaction?

A

combustion reaction

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6
Q

What happens when PRIMARY Alcohols are oxidized?

A

the H of the –OH group on the alcohol combines with another H from the alcohol and the oxidizing agent to form and ALDEHYDE and WATER

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7
Q

An aldehyde and a water molecule are the products of what reaction?

A

the oxidation of a PRIMARY Alcohol

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8
Q

What happens when SECONDARY Alcohols are oxidized?

A

the H of the –OH group on the alcohol combines with the other H from the alcohol and the oxidizing agent to from a KETONE and WATER

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9
Q

A ketone and a water molecule are the products of what reaction?

A

the oxidation of a SECONDARY Alcohol

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10
Q

What happens when TERTIARY Alcohols are oxidized?

A

nothing! the alcohol cannot be oxidized since there is no hydrogen available on the central carbon

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11
Q

Reduction Reactions

A

the loss of oxygen or a gain of hydrogen with the use of a reducing agent [H]

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12
Q

What type of reaction is a reduction reaction classified as?

A

addition, hydrogenation

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13
Q

How can alcohols be prepared?

A

from the reduction of aldehydes and ketones

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14
Q

What happens when aldehydes are reduced?

A

one of the hydrogens from the [H2] is added to the oxygen on the aldehyde to break the double bond and creates a –OH

the other H is added to the carbon of the aldehyde

THIS FORMS A PRIMARY ALCOHOL

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15
Q

A PRIMARY ALCOHOL is the product of what reaction?

A

the reduction of an aldehyde

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16
Q

What happens when ketones are reduced?

A

one of the hydrogens from the [H2] is added to the oxygen on the aldehyde to break to double bond and creates a –OH

the other H is added to the carbon of the ketone

THIS FORMS A SECONDARY ALCOHOL

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17
Q

A SECONDARY ALCOHOL is the product of what reaction?

A

the reduction of a ketone

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18
Q

Combustion Reactions

A

uncontrolled oxidation reactions

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19
Q

What type of reaction is an uncontrolled oxidation? reaction classified as?

A

a substitution reaction

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20
Q

In the presence of what can alcohols can undergo complete combustion? What are the resulting products?

A

in the presence of OXYGEN

products: water and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Hydration Reactions

A

the addition of water

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22
Q

What type of reaction is a hydration reaction classified as?

A

an addition reaction

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23
Q

How can alcohols be formed?

A

from the hydration of an alkene with an acid catalyst (H2SO4)

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24
Q

The hydration of an alkene results in what?

A

an alcohol

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25
Q

What happens when an alkene undergoes hydration?

A

the double bond between the 2 carbon atoms separate so a H from the water molecule can be bonded to one of the carbon atoms

the –OH from the water molecule is attached to the other carbon atom

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26
Q

Dehydration Reactions

A

the loss of water

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27
Q

What type of reaction is a dehydration reaction classified as?

A

an elimination reaction

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28
Q

Alcohols decompose to produce what?

A

alkenes and water

29
Q

What happens when an alcohol undergoes dehydration?

A

the H and –OH from the 2 carbon atoms are removed to form water, and the 2 open bonds come together to form a double bond between the 2 carbons

30
Q

Substitution

A

2 reactants –––> 2 products

31
Q

Addition

A

2 reactants –––> 1 product

32
Q

Elimination

A

1 reactant –––> 2 products

33
Q

Condensation Reactions

A

the loss of water

34
Q

How can Ethers be formed?

A

through the condensation reaction between 2 ALCOHOLS with an acid catalyst

35
Q

Condensation reactions can be classified as what type of reaction?

A

a substitution reaction

36
Q

What happens when 2 ALCOHOLS undergo a condensation reaction?

A

the –OH of one of the alcohols and the H of the other alcohol come together to form water

the resulting parts of the alcohols combine to form an ETHER

37
Q

Substitution reaction of an alcohol and an acid:

A

the –OH of the alcohol is substituted by the HALOGEN atom of the acid to form a HALOALKANE and WATER

38
Q

Substitution reaction of a haloalkane and hydroxide ion:

A

the halogen atom of the haloalkane is substituted by the –OH to from an ALCOHOL and a halogen

39
Q

What happens when an alkyl halide undergoes an elimination reaction?

A

the halogen and hydrogen of 2 carbons combine to form an acid, and the 2 open bonds from the carbons come together in double bond to form an ALKENE

40
Q

What happens when an alcohol undergoes an elimination reaction?

A

the halogen and –OH of 2 carbons combine to form water, and the 2 open open bonds from the carbons come together in a double bond to form an ALKENE

41
Q

What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?

A

combustion and substitution

42
Q

What type of reactions do alkenes and alkynes undergo?

A

addition and substitution

43
Q

Halogenation

What kind of reaction?

A

halogens (e.g. Br2 or Cl2) are added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the halogens to be attached

addition reaction

44
Q

Hydrogenation

What kind of reaction?

A

hydrogen (H2) is added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the hydrogens to be attached

addition reaction

45
Q

Hydrohalogenation

What kind of reaction?

A

the atoms of a hydrogen halide (e.g. HBr) is added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the H and and Halogen to be attached on either side of the double/triple bond

addition

46
Q

How many possible products are there in a hydrohalogenation reaction? Why?

A

2 possible products because the hydrogen and halogen can either be added before or after the double bond, so you can have 2 possible products.

BUT by following Markinov’s Rule, the main product is the one where the H has been added to the carbon with the most Hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Hydration/Hydrolysis

What kind of reaction?

A

water is added to the double or triple bond, placing a H on one CARBON and a –OH on the other, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the H and –OH to be attached on either side of the double/triple bond

addition

48
Q

How many possible products are there in a hydration/hydrolysis reaction? Why?

A

2 possible products because the hydrogen and –OH can either be added before or after the double bond, so you can have 2 possible products

BUT by following Markinov’s Rule, the main product is the one where the H has been added to the carbon with the most Hydrogen bonds

49
Q

What type of reaction happens when an alkyl halide is formed?

A

substitution, halogenation

50
Q

What happens when an alkyl halide is formed?

A

a H from the hydrocarbon is combined with one of the atoms of the halogen to form an acid (e.g. hydrogen chloride HCl)

the other atom of the halogen is added to the hydrocarbon to form an alkyl halide

51
Q

Halogenation, Addition of a Cycloalkene

A

the 2 atoms of the halogen are added to 2 hydrogens of the cyclic

52
Q

Halogenation, Substitution of a Cycloalkene

A

1 atom of the halogen is substituded with a H on the cyclic to form a cyclic with a halogen and an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Bromide HBr)

53
Q

What type of reactions do aromatics usually undergo?

A

substitution, because it is easy to replace hydrogen atoms in the ring this way

54
Q

Halogenation of Aromatics

What kind of reaction?

A

a halide is added and 1 atom will add to the ring to form a HALOGENATED BENZENE

the other atom will combine with combine the hydrogen coming off the ring to form an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Chloride HCl)

substitution

55
Q

Nitration of Aromatics

What kind of reaction?

A

Nitric acid (HNO3) will add NO2 to the ring to form NITROBENZENE

the –OH of nitric acid will combine with a H from the ring to form water

substitution

56
Q

Alkylation of Aromatics

What kind of reaction?

A

the alkyl group of an alkyl halide will attach to the ring to form an ALKYLBENZENE

the H of the ring will combine with the halide to form an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Chloride HCl)

57
Q

An ester is the product of a reaction between what 2 functional groups?

A

carboxylic acid and alcohol

58
Q

carboxylic acid and alcohol produce what?

A

an ester

59
Q

Which 2 reactants would undergo a condensation reaction to produce an amide and water?

A

carboxylic acid and an amine

60
Q

What are the 2 reactants in an esterification reaction

A

carboxylic acid and an alcohol

61
Q

What happens in an oxidation reaction?

A

a carbon will form more bonds to oxygen or fewer to hydrogen

62
Q

What happens in a reduction reaction?

A

a carbon will form fewer bonds with oxygen or more bonds to hydrogen

63
Q

Polymers can be made through which types of reactions?

A

condensation and addition

64
Q

In order for condensation polymerization to occur…

A

each monomer must have 2 functional groups

65
Q

Alkyl Halide –––> Alkene

A

elimination

66
Q

Alkene –––> Alcohol

A

hydration/hydrolysis

67
Q

Hydrocarbon –––> Carbon Dioxide

A

complete combustion

68
Q

Alcohol –––> Alkyl Halide

A

substitution, condensation, halogenation

Chemistry 12 (4 decks)

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