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Chemistry 12 > Organic Chemistry Test: Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Test: Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidation Reactions

A

the gain of oxygen or loss of a hydrogen with the use of an oxidizing agent [O]

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2
Q

What type of reaction is an oxidation reaction classified as?

A

elimination, dehydration/condensation reaction

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3
Q

How can aldehydes and ketones be prepared?

A

from the CONTROLLED oxidation of alcohols with oxidizing agents

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4
Q

The controlled oxidation of alcohols with oxidizing agents makes what?

A

aldehydes and ketones

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5
Q

Uncontrolled oxidation is also known as what kind of reaction?

A

combustion reaction

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6
Q

What happens when PRIMARY Alcohols are oxidized?

A

the H of the –OH group on the alcohol combines with another H from the alcohol and the oxidizing agent to form and ALDEHYDE and WATER

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7
Q

An aldehyde and a water molecule are the products of what reaction?

A

the oxidation of a PRIMARY Alcohol

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8
Q

What happens when SECONDARY Alcohols are oxidized?

A

the H of the –OH group on the alcohol combines with the other H from the alcohol and the oxidizing agent to from a KETONE and WATER

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9
Q

A ketone and a water molecule are the products of what reaction?

A

the oxidation of a SECONDARY Alcohol

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10
Q

What happens when TERTIARY Alcohols are oxidized?

A

nothing! the alcohol cannot be oxidized since there is no hydrogen available on the central carbon

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11
Q

Reduction Reactions

A

the loss of oxygen or a gain of hydrogen with the use of a reducing agent [H]

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12
Q

What type of reaction is a reduction reaction classified as?

A

addition, hydrogenation

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13
Q

How can alcohols be prepared?

A

from the reduction of aldehydes and ketones

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14
Q

What happens when aldehydes are reduced?

A

one of the hydrogens from the [H2] is added to the oxygen on the aldehyde to break the double bond and creates a –OH

the other H is added to the carbon of the aldehyde

THIS FORMS A PRIMARY ALCOHOL

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15
Q

A PRIMARY ALCOHOL is the product of what reaction?

A

the reduction of an aldehyde

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16
Q

What happens when ketones are reduced?

A

one of the hydrogens from the [H2] is added to the oxygen on the aldehyde to break to double bond and creates a –OH

the other H is added to the carbon of the ketone

THIS FORMS A SECONDARY ALCOHOL

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17
Q

A SECONDARY ALCOHOL is the product of what reaction?

A

the reduction of a ketone

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18
Q

Combustion Reactions

A

uncontrolled oxidation reactions

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19
Q

What type of reaction is an uncontrolled oxidation? reaction classified as?

A

a substitution reaction

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20
Q

In the presence of what can alcohols can undergo complete combustion? What are the resulting products?

A

in the presence of OXYGEN

products: water and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Hydration Reactions

A

the addition of water

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22
Q

What type of reaction is a hydration reaction classified as?

A

an addition reaction

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23
Q

How can alcohols be formed?

A

from the hydration of an alkene with an acid catalyst (H2SO4)

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24
Q

The hydration of an alkene results in what?

A

an alcohol

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25
What happens when an alkene undergoes hydration?
the double bond between the 2 carbon atoms separate so a H from the water molecule can be bonded to one of the carbon atoms the –OH from the water molecule is attached to the other carbon atom
26
Dehydration Reactions
the loss of water
27
What type of reaction is a dehydration reaction classified as?
an elimination reaction
28
Alcohols decompose to produce what?
alkenes and water
29
What happens when an alcohol undergoes dehydration?
the H and –OH from the 2 carbon atoms are removed to form water, and the 2 open bonds come together to form a double bond between the 2 carbons
30
Substitution
2 reactants –––> 2 products
31
Addition
2 reactants –––> 1 product
32
Elimination
1 reactant –––> 2 products
33
Condensation Reactions
the loss of water
34
How can Ethers be formed?
through the condensation reaction between 2 ALCOHOLS with an acid catalyst
35
Condensation reactions can be classified as what type of reaction?
a substitution reaction
36
What happens when 2 ALCOHOLS undergo a condensation reaction?
the –OH of one of the alcohols and the H of the other alcohol come together to form water the resulting parts of the alcohols combine to form an ETHER
37
Substitution reaction of an alcohol and an acid:
the –OH of the alcohol is substituted by the HALOGEN atom of the acid to form a HALOALKANE and WATER
38
Substitution reaction of a haloalkane and hydroxide ion:
the halogen atom of the haloalkane is substituted by the –OH to from an ALCOHOL and a halogen
39
What happens when an alkyl halide undergoes an elimination reaction?
the halogen and hydrogen of 2 carbons combine to form an acid, and the 2 open bonds from the carbons come together in double bond to form an ALKENE
40
What happens when an alcohol undergoes an elimination reaction?
the halogen and –OH of 2 carbons combine to form water, and the 2 open open bonds from the carbons come together in a double bond to form an ALKENE
41
What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?
combustion and substitution
42
What type of reactions do alkenes and alkynes undergo?
addition and substitution
43
Halogenation | What kind of reaction?
halogens (e.g. Br2 or Cl2) are added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the halogens to be attached addition reaction
44
Hydrogenation | What kind of reaction?
hydrogen (H2) is added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the hydrogens to be attached addition reaction
45
Hydrohalogenation | What kind of reaction?
the atoms of a hydrogen halide (e.g. HBr) is added to the double or triple bond, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the H and and Halogen to be attached on either side of the double/triple bond addition
46
How many possible products are there in a hydrohalogenation reaction? Why?
2 possible products because the hydrogen and halogen can either be added before or after the double bond, so you can have 2 possible products. BUT by following Markinov's Rule, the main product is the one where the H has been added to the carbon with the most Hydrogen bonds
47
Hydration/Hydrolysis | What kind of reaction?
water is added to the double or triple bond, placing a H on one CARBON and a –OH on the other, and the bonds are changed to single bonds to allow for the H and –OH to be attached on either side of the double/triple bond addition
48
How many possible products are there in a hydration/hydrolysis reaction? Why?
2 possible products because the hydrogen and –OH can either be added before or after the double bond, so you can have 2 possible products BUT by following Markinov's Rule, the main product is the one where the H has been added to the carbon with the most Hydrogen bonds
49
What type of reaction happens when an alkyl halide is formed?
substitution, halogenation
50
What happens when an alkyl halide is formed?
a H from the hydrocarbon is combined with one of the atoms of the halogen to form an acid (e.g. hydrogen chloride HCl) the other atom of the halogen is added to the hydrocarbon to form an alkyl halide
51
Halogenation, Addition of a Cycloalkene
the 2 atoms of the halogen are added to 2 hydrogens of the cyclic
52
Halogenation, Substitution of a Cycloalkene
1 atom of the halogen is substituded with a H on the cyclic to form a cyclic with a halogen and an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Bromide HBr)
53
What type of reactions do aromatics usually undergo?
substitution, because it is easy to replace hydrogen atoms in the ring this way
54
Halogenation of Aromatics | What kind of reaction?
a halide is added and 1 atom will add to the ring to form a HALOGENATED BENZENE the other atom will combine with combine the hydrogen coming off the ring to form an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Chloride HCl) substitution
55
Nitration of Aromatics | What kind of reaction?
Nitric acid (HNO3) will add NO2 to the ring to form NITROBENZENE the –OH of nitric acid will combine with a H from the ring to form water substitution
56
Alkylation of Aromatics | What kind of reaction?
the alkyl group of an alkyl halide will attach to the ring to form an ALKYLBENZENE the H of the ring will combine with the halide to form an acid (e.g. Hydrogen Chloride HCl)
57
An ester is the product of a reaction between what 2 functional groups?
carboxylic acid and alcohol
58
carboxylic acid and alcohol produce what?
an ester
59
Which 2 reactants would undergo a condensation reaction to produce an amide and water?
carboxylic acid and an amine
60
What are the 2 reactants in an esterification reaction
carboxylic acid and an alcohol
61
What happens in an oxidation reaction?
a carbon will form more bonds to oxygen or fewer to hydrogen
62
What happens in a reduction reaction?
a carbon will form fewer bonds with oxygen or more bonds to hydrogen
63
Polymers can be made through which types of reactions?
condensation and addition
64
In order for condensation polymerization to occur...
each monomer must have 2 functional groups
65
Alkyl Halide –––> Alkene
elimination
66
Alkene –––> Alcohol
hydration/hydrolysis
67
Hydrocarbon –––> Carbon Dioxide
complete combustion
68
Alcohol –––> Alkyl Halide
substitution, condensation, halogenation

Chemistry 12 (4 decks)

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