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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry Reagents and Conditions > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Reagents and Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

What functional groups are involved in E Add?

A

Alkenes

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2
Q

What functional groups are involved in E Sub?

A

Benzenes, methylbenzenes, halogenoarenes, phenols, phenylamines

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3
Q

What functional groups are involved in Nu Add? What do they form?

A

Aldehydes and ketones to form alcohols

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4
Q

What functional groups are involved in Nu Sub?

A

Halogenoalkanes, halogenoarenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids and its derivatives (ester, amide, acyl chloride)
Note: R&C for CA’s derivatives are not in syllabus

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5
Q

What functional groups can be oxidised?

A

Alkenes, arenes, primary/secondary alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acid

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6
Q

What functional groups can be reduced?

A

Alkenes, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, nitriles, nitrobenzene, amides

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7
Q

There are 5 sets of condensation reactions. Name them.

A 
Alcohol + carboxylic acid
Alcohol + acyl chloride
Phenol + acyl chloride
All carbonyls + 2,4-DNPH
Acyl chloride + ammonia/amine
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8
Q

Name the 2 elimination reactions.

A

Elimination of HX from halogenoalkanes

Elimination of H2O (dehydration) from alcohol

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9
Q

What functional groups are involved in acid-base reactions?

A

Alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, amines (only one that acts as base)

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10
Q

What is the function of initiation step of FRS?

A

To form Cl/Br halogen radicals

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11
Q

What is the function of propagation step of FRS?

A

To form products (CH3Cl or more) and regenerate radical

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12
Q

What is the function of termination step of FRS?

A

All radicals collide

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13
Q

Reagents and Conditions for FRS

A

Cl2(g)/Br2(l), UV light (just to kick-start initiation because propagation step is self-sustaining)

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14
Q

What functional groups are involved in hydrolysis? (addition of water to break compound into 2)

A

Nitriles, acyl chloride, esters, amides

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15
Q

R&C for E Add of water

A

Industrial: steam, H3PO4 as catalyst, high T and P
Lab: water, conc. H2SO4, cold

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16
Q

R&C for E Add of Cl2/Br2

A

Cl2(g)/Br2(l), rt, no UV light

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17
Q

R&C for E Add of bromine water

A

Br2(aq), rt

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18
Q

R&C for E Add of hydrogen halides

A

HBr(g)/HCl(g)/HI(g), rt

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19
Q

R&C for E Sub: Chlorination/Bromination of benzenes

A

Cl2(g)/Br2(l), FeCl3(s)/FeBr3(s) as Lewis acid catalyst, warm

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20
Q

R&C for E Sub: Chlorination/Bromination of methylbenzenes

A

Cl2(g)/Br2(l), FeCl3(s)/FeBr3(s) as Lewis acid catalyst, rt, no UV

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21
Q

R&C for E Sub: Bromination of phenols

A

Br2(l), low temp. (+ 1 -Br) OR Br2(aq), rt (+ 3 -Br)

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22
Q

R&C for E Sub: Bromination of phenylamines

A

Br2(aq), rt (+ 3 -Br)

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23
Q

R&C for E Sub: Nitration of benzenes

A

Conc. HNO3, conc. H2SO4 as Bronsted-Lowry acid catalyst, maintained at 55℃

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24
Q

R&C for E Sub: Nitration of methylbenzenes

A

Conc. HNO3, conc. H2SO4 as Bronsted-Lowry acid catalyst, maintained at 30℃

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25
Q

R&C for E Sub: Nitration of phenols

A

Dilute HNO3, rt (+ 1 -NO2) OR conc HNO3, rt (+ 3 -NO2)

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26
Q

R&C for E Sub: Friedal-Crafts alkylation of benzenes

A

Chloroalkane, AlCl3 as Lewis acid catalyst, warm

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27
Q

R&C for E Sub: Friedal-Crafts alkylation of methylbenzenes

A

Chloroalkane, AlCl3 as Lewis acid catalyst, rt

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28
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: halogenoalkanes with OH-

A

Dilute NaOH, heat

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29
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: halogenoalkanes with CN-

A

Ethanolic KCN, heat

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30
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: halogenoalkanes with NH3

A

Ethanolic conc. NH3, heat in sealed tube (prevent NH3 from escaping)

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31
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: primary and secondary alcohols with HCl

A

Conc. HCl, ZnCl2 as catalyst, heat

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32
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: tertiary alcohols with HCl

A

Conc. HCl, rt

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33
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: alcohols with HBr

A

Conc. HBr, heat

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34
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: alcohols with phosphorus trihalides to form halogenoalkanes

A

PCl3, rt OR P, Br2/I2, heat

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35
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: CA with phosphorus trihalides to form acyl chlorides

A

PCl3, rt OR P, Br2/I2, heat

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36
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: alcohols with PCl5 to form halogenoalkanes

A

PCl5, rt

37
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: CA with PCl5 to form acyl chlorides

A

PCl5, rt

38
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: alcohols with thionyl chloride to form halogenoalkanes

A

SOCl2, warm

39
Q

R&C for Nu Sub: CA with thionyl chloride to form acyl chlorides

A

SOCl2, warm

40
Q

R&C for Oxidation: Mild Oxidation of Alkenes

A

KMnO4, dilute NaOH, cold

41
Q

What is added in mild oxidation of alkenes?

A

Diols (2 OH-)

42
Q

R&C for Oxidation: Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes

A

KMnO4, dilute H2SO4, heat

43
Q

What is formed in oxidative cleavage of alkenes?

A

CO2 and H2O, Carboxylic Acids, Ketones (depending on alkene)

44
Q

R&C for Oxidation: Side-Chain Oxidation of Arenes

A

KMnO4, dilute H2SO4/NaOH, heat

45
Q

What is formed in Side-Chain Oxidation of Arenes?

A

Carboxylic acids

46
Q

R&C for: Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to form Aldehydes

A

K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation (to prevent further oxidation into CA)

47
Q

R&C for: Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to form Carboxylic acids

A

KMnO4/K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat

48
Q

R&C for: Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to form Ketones

A

KMnO4/K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat

49
Q

R&C for: Oxidation of Aldehydes

A

KMnO4/K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat

50
Q

R&C for: Oxidation of Methanoic Acid and Ethanedioic acid to form CO2 and H2O

A

KMnO4, dilute H2SO4, heat

51
Q

R&C for: Reduction of Alkenes

A

H2(g), Ni catalyst, high P, rt

52
Q

How many H atoms are added and what is formed in reduction of alkenes?

A

2, alkane

53
Q

R&C for: Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether, rt OR H2(g), Ni catalyst OR NaBH4 in methanol

54
Q

How many H atoms are added and what is formed in reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

A

2, primary and secondary alcohol

55
Q

R&C for: Reduction of CA

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether, rt

56
Q

How many H atoms are added and what is formed in reduction of CA?

A

4, primary alcohol

57
Q

R&C for: Reduction of Nitriles

A

H2(g), Ni catalyst, high P

58
Q

How many H atoms are added and what is formed in reduction of nitriles?

A

4, primary amine

59
Q

R&C for: Reduction of Nitrobenzene

A

Sn, excess conc. HCl, heat, NaOH(aq)

60
Q

How many H atoms are added and what is formed in reduction of nitrobenzene?

A

6, phenylamine

61
Q

R&C for: Reduction of Amides

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether

62
Q

How many H atoms are added and what is formed in reduction of amides?

A

4, primary amine

63
Q

R&C for Condensation of Alcohol + CA to form ester

A

Few drops of conc. H2SO4 as catalyst, heat

64
Q

R&C for Condensation of Alcohol + Acyl chloride to form ester

A

rt

65
Q

R&C for Condensation of Phenol + Acyl Chloride to form phenyl ester

A

rt (add NaOH or Na for better yield)

66
Q

R&C for Condensation of Carbonyls + 2,4-DNPH to form orange ppt

A

rt

67
Q

R&C for Condensation of acyl chlorides + ammonia/amines to form amides

A

rt (note: ammonia/amines to be added in excess)

68
Q

R&C for Elimination of HX from halogenoalkanes

A

Ethanolic KOH, heat

69
Q

R&C for Elimination of H2O from alcohol

A

Excess conc. H3PO4, heat

70
Q

All acid-base reactions occur at rt. But what are the products/observations of alcohol and sodium metal?

A

Na ethoxide, slow effervescence of H2(g)

71
Q

All acid-base reactions occur at rt. But what are the products/observations of phenol and sodium metal?

A

Na phenoxide, rapid effervescence of H2(g)

72
Q

All acid-base reactions occur at rt. But what are the products/observations of phenol and NaOH?

A

Na phenoxide, H2O(l)

73
Q

All acid-base reactions occur at rt. But what are the products/observations of CA and metal? How about with NaOH and NaHCO3/Na2CO3?

A

Carboxylate ion is always formed. H2(g) with metal, H2O with base and H2O + CO2 with carbonates and bicarbonates.

74
Q

All acid-base reactions occur at rt. But what are the products/observations of amines and acid?

A

RNH3+

75
Q

R&C for Iodoform test?

A

I2(aq) with NaOH(aq), warm

76
Q

Functional groups that will give +ve result for iodoform test?

A

Ketones with -COCH3 and alcohols with -CH(OH)CH3

77
Q

Equation code for iodoform tests

A

Ketone: 3433
Alcohol: 4655

78
Q

R&C for Fehling’s test?

A

Fehling’s reagent, heat

79
Q

Functional groups that will give +ve result for Fehling’s test?

A

Aliphatic aldehydes

80
Q

Equation code for Fehling’s test

A

2513

81
Q

R&C for Silver Mirror test?

A

Tollens’ Reagent, heat

82
Q

Functional groups that will give +ve result for Silver Mirror test?

A

All aldehydes

83
Q

Equation code for Silver Mirror test?

A

23242

84
Q

What is the unique test for phenols (R&C and observation)?

A

Neutral FeCl3(aq), rt (observe violet colorisation)

85
Q

R&C for: Acid hydrolysis of Nitriles

Base hydrolysis of Nitriles to form CA

A

Dilute H2SO4, heat

Dilute NaOH, heat

86
Q

R&C for: Hydrolysis of Acyl Chloride to form CA

A

H2O, rt

87
Q

R&C for: Acid hydrolysis of Ester

Base hydrolysis of Ester to form CA and alcohol

A

Dilute H2SO4, heat

Dilute NaOH, heat then dilute H2SO4 at rtp

88
Q

R&C for: Acid hydrolysis of Amide

Base hydrolysis of Amide to form CA and NH4+/ammonia/amine

A

Dilute H2SO4, heat

Dilute NaOH, heat then dilute H2SO4 at rtp

Chemistry (1 decks)

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