Organic Chemistry Chp 11-14

Question 1

Saturated hydrocarbons:

Answer 1

Only have single bonds

Question 2

Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

Answer 2

Contain one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

Question 3

Test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 3

Mix with bromine water. If colour change orange- clear is observed, unsaturated hydrocarbon present.

Question 4

Homologous Series:

Answer 4

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by a alkyl group.

Question 5

Alkanes:

Answer 5

All c-c bonds are single c-c bonds
Bond Angle of 109.5°
High boiling point, lower than corresponding alcohol

Question 6

Functional Group:

Answer 6

A part of an organic molecule that effects its properties.

Question 7

What can carbon covalently bond with?

Answer 7

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens.

Question 8

What are the 3 classifications of hydrocarbons

Answer 8

Aliphatic
Aromatic
Alicyclic

Question 9

Aliphatic:

Answer 9

Carbon atom chain, can be branched or unbranched with non-aromatic rings.

Question 10

Acyclic:

Answer 10

Carbon atoms joined together in a branched or unbranched ring.

Question 11

Aromatic:

Answer 11

Some or all of the carbon atoms in a benzene ring (C6H6)

Question 12

What are the 3 different homologous series?

Answer 12

Alkenes
Alkanes
Alkynes

Question 13

Alkenes:

Answer 13

One or more c=c double bonds
120° bond angle
Double bond formed by overlapping of p-orbitals

Question 14

Alkynes:

Answer 14

One or more triple carbon to carbon bonds.

Question 14

Aldehyde:

Answer 14

CHO - group

-al. - suffix

Question 15

Ketone.

Answer 15

• C(CO)C- group

- one suffix

Question 16

Carbonic acid

Answer 16

• COOH - group

- oic acid - suffix

Question 17

Ester.

Answer 17

• COOC- group

- oate - suffix

Question 18

Acyl Chloride-

Answer 18

• COCl - group

- oyl chloride - syffix

Question 19

Amine

Answer 19

• NH2 group

- amine suffix

Question 20

Nitrate

Answer 20

CN - group

-Nitrile suffix

Question 21

Alcohol (group, suffix and prefix)

Answer 21

-OH- Group
-ol - suffix
Hydroxy- prefix

Question 22

Structural isomers:

Answer 22

Same molecular formula, different structural formula.

Question 23

Stereoisomers:

Answer 23

Same structural formula with a different arrangement of atoms.

Question 24

Homolytic fission:

Answer 24

Each species takes an electron from the covalent bond, forming two radicals.

Question 25

Heterolytic fission:

Answer 25

One of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the covalent bond, forming ions.

Question 26

Addition reactions:

Answer 26

2 reactants form one product.

Question 27

Elimination reactions:

Answer 27

1 reactant into 2 products.

Question 28

Substitution reactions:

Answer 28

Atom or group on molecule is replaced.

Question 29

How does chain length effect melting point?

Answer 29

Increasing the chain length, increases the surface area, which increases surface contact and-so increases the strength of London forces, increasing the melting point.

Question 30

How does branching effect melting point?

Answer 30

Branching interrupts contact between chains, reducing the strength of London forces, decreasing the melting point.

Question 31

Why are alkanes unreactive?

Answer 31

Sigma bond strength. No polar bonds. Difficult to react with.

Question 32

Nucleophiles

Answer 32

Donate electrons to form a chemical bond.

Question 33

Electrophiles:

Answer 33

Accept electrons to form a chemical bond.

Question 34

Diff. between E/Z isomerism and optical isomerism

Answer 34

E/Z occurs because of c=c double bonds | Optical isomerism occurs in a range of compounds.

Question 35

Why does the C=C help cause stereoisomers?

Answer 35

It restricts rotation and-so the groups have fixed positions relative to eachother, meaning that variations are caused by the other carbon being a different orientation.

Question 36

Cis-Trans isomerism:

Answer 36

Must have at least one of the same groups attached to both.

Question 37

Alcohol physical properties:

Answer 37

Less volatile, higher water soluibility, higher melting points

Question 38

Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes?

Answer 38

Although alcohols have smaller London forces, they experience stronger hydrogen bonding because of their polar O-H bond.

Question 39

Why does the difference in boiling point decrease between alcohols and alkanes as chain length increases?

Answer 39

The London forces of the alkane increase more than the effect of the hydrogen bonding.

Question 40

What reactions can alkenes undergo:

Answer 40

Hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, hydrogen halides

Question 41

Reactions with Alkanes:

Answer 41

Combustion, radical substitution.

Question 42

Reactions with alcohols:

Answer 42

Combustion, oxidisation, dehydration, substitution of a hydrogen halide.

Question 43

Alkene hydration:

Answer 43

Alkene + steam with phosphoric acid catalyst (H3PO4)

Question 44

Alkene hydrogenation

Answer 44

Alkene + hydrogen + nickel catalyst

Question 45

Halogenation of alkenes

Answer 45

Alkene + halogen at room temp

Question 46

Hydrogen halide addition and alkene

Answer 46

``` Liquid alkene + gas hydrogen halide Or Solid alkene + aq hydrogen halide Or Both gaseous Produce 2 stereoisomers ```

Question 47

Oxidisation of alcohols:

Answer 47

Alcohol + K2Cr2O7 acidified with H2SO4

Question 48

Dehydration of alcohols:

Answer 48

Alcohol + conc. Acid (H2SO4 or H3PO4) ----> alkene + water