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Chemistry OCR A-Level > Organic Chemistry Chp 11-14 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Chp 11-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons:

A

Only have single bonds

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2
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

A

Contain one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

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3
Q

Test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Mix with bromine water. If colour change orange- clear is observed, unsaturated hydrocarbon present.

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4
Q

Homologous Series:

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by a alkyl group.

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5
Q

Alkanes:

A

All c-c bonds are single c-c bonds
Bond Angle of 109.5°
High boiling point, lower than corresponding alcohol

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6
Q

Functional Group:

A

A part of an organic molecule that effects its properties.

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7
Q

What can carbon covalently bond with?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens.

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8
Q

What are the 3 classifications of hydrocarbons

A

Aliphatic
Aromatic
Alicyclic

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9
Q

Aliphatic:

A

Carbon atom chain, can be branched or unbranched with non-aromatic rings.

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10
Q

Acyclic:

A

Carbon atoms joined together in a branched or unbranched ring.

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11
Q

Aromatic:

A

Some or all of the carbon atoms in a benzene ring (C6H6)

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12
Q

What are the 3 different homologous series?

A

Alkenes
Alkanes
Alkynes

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13
Q

Alkenes:

A

One or more c=c double bonds
120° bond angle
Double bond formed by overlapping of p-orbitals

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14
Q

Alkynes:

A

One or more triple carbon to carbon bonds.

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14
Q

Aldehyde:

A

CHO - group

-al. - suffix

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15
Q

Ketone.

A
  • C(CO)C- group

- one suffix

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16
Q

Carbonic acid

A
  • COOH - group

- oic acid - suffix

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17
Q

Ester.

A
  • COOC- group

- oate - suffix

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18
Q

Acyl Chloride-

A
  • COCl - group

- oyl chloride - syffix

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19
Q

Amine

A
  • NH2 group

- amine suffix

20
Q

Nitrate

A

CN - group

-Nitrile suffix

21
Q

Alcohol (group, suffix and prefix)

A

-OH- Group
-ol - suffix
Hydroxy- prefix

22
Q

Structural isomers:

A

Same molecular formula, different structural formula.

23
Q

Stereoisomers:

A

Same structural formula with a different arrangement of atoms.

24
Q

Homolytic fission:

A

Each species takes an electron from the covalent bond, forming two radicals.

25
Q

Heterolytic fission:

A

One of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the covalent bond, forming ions.

26
Q

Addition reactions:

A

2 reactants form one product.

27
Q

Elimination reactions:

A

1 reactant into 2 products.

28
Q

Substitution reactions:

A

Atom or group on molecule is replaced.

29
Q

How does chain length effect melting point?

A

Increasing the chain length, increases the surface area, which increases surface contact and-so increases the strength of London forces, increasing the melting point.

30
Q

How does branching effect melting point?

A

Branching interrupts contact between chains, reducing the strength of London forces, decreasing the melting point.

31
Q

Why are alkanes unreactive?

A

Sigma bond strength.
No polar bonds.
Difficult to react with.

32
Q

Nucleophiles

A

Donate electrons to form a chemical bond.

33
Q

Electrophiles:

A

Accept electrons to form a chemical bond.

34
Q

Diff. between E/Z isomerism and optical isomerism

A

E/Z occurs because of c=c double bonds

Optical isomerism occurs in a range of compounds.

35
Q

Why does the C=C help cause stereoisomers?

A

It restricts rotation and-so the groups have fixed positions relative to eachother, meaning that variations are caused by the other carbon being a different orientation.

36
Q

Cis-Trans isomerism:

A

Must have at least one of the same groups attached to both.

37
Q

Alcohol physical properties:

A

Less volatile, higher water soluibility, higher melting points

38
Q

Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes?

A

Although alcohols have smaller London forces, they experience stronger hydrogen bonding because of their polar O-H bond.

39
Q

Why does the difference in boiling point decrease between alcohols and alkanes as chain length increases?

A

The London forces of the alkane increase more than the effect of the hydrogen bonding.

40
Q

What reactions can alkenes undergo:

A

Hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, hydrogen halides

41
Q

Reactions with Alkanes:

A

Combustion, radical substitution.

42
Q

Reactions with alcohols:

A

Combustion, oxidisation, dehydration, substitution of a hydrogen halide.

43
Q

Alkene hydration:

A

Alkene + steam with phosphoric acid catalyst (H3PO4)

44
Q

Alkene hydrogenation

A

Alkene + hydrogen + nickel catalyst

45
Q

Halogenation of alkenes

A

Alkene + halogen at room temp

46
Q

Hydrogen halide addition and alkene

A 
Liquid alkene + gas hydrogen halide 
Or
Solid alkene + aq hydrogen halide
Or
Both gaseous
Produce 2 stereoisomers
47
Q

Oxidisation of alcohols:

A

Alcohol + K2Cr2O7 acidified with H2SO4

48
Q

Dehydration of alcohols:

A

Alcohol + conc. Acid (H2SO4 or H3PO4) —-> alkene + water

Chemistry OCR A-Level (3 decks)

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