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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Trends of Hydrocarbons

A

Volatility decreases with size (chain length){Bp increases]

Flammability decreases with size (chain length)

Viciousness (thickens as chain length increases)

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2
Q

Fractional distillation of petroleum

A

Refinery gas 1-4

Gasoline (petrol) 5-6

Naphtha 6-10

Paraffin (kerosene) 10-15

Diesel oil (gas oil) 15-20

Fuel oil 20-30

Lubricating fraction 30-50

Bitumen 50+

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3
Q

Uses of Refinery gas

A

Bottled gas for cooking and heating home

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4
Q

Uses of Petrol

A

Fuel for cars

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5
Q

Uses of Naphtha

A

Starting point for plastics

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6
Q

Uses of Kerosene

A

Fuel for aircrafts, oil stoves and lamps

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7
Q

Uses of Diesel

A

Fuel for diesel engines

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8
Q

Uses of Fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships, power stations and home heating systems

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9
Q

Uses of Lubricating fraction

A

Oil for car engines and machinery waxes and polishes

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10
Q

Uses of Bitumen

A

Road surfaces and roofs

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11
Q

Cracking Hydrocarbons

A

Breaking down long hydrocarbons into smaller ones

C10H22 —> C5H12 + C3H6 + C2H4

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12
Q

Cracking ethane

A

C2H6—>(steam and 800+ degrees) H2 + C2H4

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13
Q

Prefixes

A

Meth 1

Eth 2

Prop 3

But 4

Pent 5

Hex 6

Hep 7

Oct 8

Non 9

Dec 10

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14
Q

Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

Single bonds

(saturated)

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15
Q

Alkenes

A

CnH2n

One double bond between carbons

C=C is functional group

(unsaturated) can be testes with bromine {goes colorless if alkene]

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16
Q

Alcohols

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

OH is Functional group

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17
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Cn H2n O2

COOH is functional group

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18
Q

Functional group

A

Part of molecule which largely dictates how the molecules reacts

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19
Q

Homologous series

A

All compounds fit same general formula

Chain length increases by 1 each time

As the chain gets longer compounds show a trend in properties

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20
Q

Substitution reaction

A

Alkane + Chlorine —> [under UV light(therefore photochemical reaction)]

CH4 + Cl2 —> CHC3Cl + HCl

Also possible to have:

Dichloromethane

Trichloromethane

Tetrachloromethane

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21
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with same formula but different structures (and different names)

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22
Q

Branched isomer (difference)

A

Branched isomers have lower Bp as the branches make it difficult for molecules to get close and therefore don’t need as much heat energy is need to overcome interparticle forces.

23
Q

Hydrogenation of alkene

A

C2H4 + H2 —> C2H6

24
Q

Hydration of alkene

A

C2H4 + H2O —> C2H5OH

(reversible) [570c 60-70atm and catalyst(phosphoric acid)]

25
Q

Addition reactions

A

The reaction which forms saturated compounds from unsaturated alkenes

26
Q

Unsaturation test

A

Ethene + Br2—> 1,2-Dibromoethane

27
Q

Alcohol properties

A

Organic solvent

Volatile

28
Q

Ethanol production

A

Natural, fermentation

Glucose—> (enzymes in yeast) Ethanol + CO2 + energy

(works up to about 18% alcohol and requires distillation)

Hydration of ethene
C2H4 + H2O —> C2H5OH

(reversible) [570c 60-70atm and catalyst(phosphoric acid)]

29
Q

Uses of ethanol

A

Organic Solvent

Fuel

Aftershave/perfume/paint

30
Q

Ethanoic acid

A

C2H5OH–>[O] CH3COOH
(weak acid)

Acid fermentation (natural oxidation of ethanol by bacteria)

Oxidising agent ( acidified Potassium manganate(VII) or Potassium dichromate(VI))

31
Q

Ethanoic acid + Base

A

CH3COOH + NaOH —> H2O + CH3COONa (sodium ethanoate)

32
Q

Naming esters, reaction and formulas

A

An alcohol and carboxylic acid to form a larger molecule with a bi product (water)

CH3COOH + C3H7OH —-> CH3COOC3H7 + H2O

Ethanoic acid + propanol —> Propyl ethanoate + water

{Conc H2SO4 as catalyst)

Alcohol comes first in name but second in formula

33
Q

Polymer

A

A substance made of macromolecules

34
Q

Natural polymers

A

Starch

Glucose

Cellulose

Keratin

Collagen

35
Q

Addition polymerization of ethene

A

double bonds break to form

polyethene

36
Q

Addition Polymers (examples)

A

PVC (polychloroethene/Polyvinyl chloride) from [chlorothene/ vinyl chloride]

Teflon(polytetrafluroethene) from[tetrafluroethene]

Polystyrene(polyphenylethene) from[phenylethene/styrene]

37
Q

Condensation polymerization

A

Two monomers join by their funtional groups reacting to form a small molecule (usually water) as a bi-product

38
Q

Uses of Polythene

A

Plastic bags/gloves, clingfilm (low density),

mugs, bowls, chairs, dustbins (high density

39
Q

Uses of PVC

A

Water pipes, hoses, covering for electricity cables

40
Q

Uses of polypropene

A

Crates and ropes

41
Q

Uses of Polystyrene

A

Fast food cartons, Packaging, insulation of houses

42
Q

Uses of Teflon

A

Coated on frying pans to make them “non-stick”, fabric protector, windscreen wipers, and flooring

43
Q

Nylon

A

Ropes, fishing nets and lines, tents, and curtains

44
Q

Terylene

A

Clothing, and thread

45
Q

High density polythene

A

Hard and strong made at 50c and 3-4 atm

46
Q

Low density polythene

A

Light, made at 200c and 2000atm

47
Q

Problems with plastic

A

Clog drains and sewers causing flooding

Animals starve to death as they cannot digest plastic, and therefore stop them from digesting their other foods if they ingest lots of plastic

Animals can choke on plastic

Can liter places and make them unappealing (crucial for tourist cities)

48
Q

How to breakdown starch

A

Heat with dilute HCl giving Glucose

49
Q

How to breakdown proteins

A

Boil with 6M HCl for 24h giving aminoacids

50
Q

How to breakdown fats

A

Boil with dilute sodium hydroxide giving Glycerol

and sodium fatty acid salt

51
Q

Fats are _____

A

Esters

Glycerol (propan 1,2,3 triol) is the alcohol and fatty acids are carboxylic acids

52
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction in which molecules are broken down by reaction with water

53
Q

Uses of esters

A

They have attractive smells and tastes and are used in soaps, shampoos and flavorings

Chemistry (3 decks)

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