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Chemistry GCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group alcohol?

A

-OH

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2
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

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3
Q

What are properties of alcohol?

A

They are flammable
Soluble in water - neutral pH
React with sodium to produce hydrogen
Can be oxidised to produce “carboxylic acid”

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4
Q

Uses of alcohol:

A 
As alcoholic beverages
As solvents
In perfumes
As fuels
In hand sanitiser
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5
Q

What is ethanol made by?

A

Fermentation

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6
Q

What happens during fermentation?

A

An enzyme in yeast converts sugars into ethanol

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7
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

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8
Q

What does carboxylic acid form when reacted with carbonates?

A

A salt (-anoate), water and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What happens when carboxylic acid dissolves in water?

A

They ionise and release H+ ions, making the solution acidic

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10
Q

Why is carboxylic acid a weak acid?

A

It doesn’t completely ionise in water

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11
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acid react with alcohol?

A

Esters

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12
Q

What is used to react carboxylic acid and alcohol?

A

An acid catalyst

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13
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules that are formed when monomers join together

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14
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

-COO-

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15
Q

What is needed for polymerisation?

A

High pressure and catalyst

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16
Q

What type of monomers are needed for addition polymerisation?

A

Unsaturated monomers (alkenes) - have a double bond

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17
Q

How many products formed from addition polymerisation?

A

1 - the polymer

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18
Q

What molecules do condensation polymerisation occur between?

A

Molecules that contain 2 different functional groups

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19
Q

What happens when when a new bond forms during condensation polymerisation?

A

A small molecule is lost - usually water

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20
Q

Number of types of atoms for addition polymerisation:

A

1 monomer with a C=C bond

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21
Q

Number of types of atoms for condensation polymerisation:

A

2 monomer types each containing 2 of the same functional group (different from each other but each monomer only has 1 of the same)
1 monomer containing 2 different functional groups

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22
Q

Number of products from addition polymerisation:

A

1 product

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23
Q

Number of products from condensation polymerisation:

A

2 types of products - the polymer and a small molecule

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24
Q

Functional groups involved in condensation polymerisation:

A

2 reactive groups of each monomer

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25
Q

Functional groups involved in addition polymerisation:

A

Carbon-carbon double bond in monomer

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26
Q

How many functional groups do amino acids have?

A

2 different

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27
Q

What are the different functional groups an amino acid has

A

A basic amino group (NH2)

An acidic carboxyl group (COOH)

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28
Q

What polymers do amino acids form?

A

Polypeptides

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29
Q

How do amino acids form polypeptides?

A

Via condensation polymerisation

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30
Q

What are long chains of polypeptides known as?

A

Proteins

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31
Q

What gives the different properties and shapes of proteins?

A

The order of amino acids

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32
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

2 polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides

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33
Q

What does each nucleotide contain?

A

A small molecule called a base

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34
Q

What do bases on different polymer chains do to keep the 2 strands of nucleotides together?

A

Pair up with each other and form cross links

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35
Q

What does the order of bases in DNA act as?

A

Code for an organism’s genes

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36
Q

What do sugars contain?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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37
Q

What can sugars form when reacted together through polymerisation?

A

Larger carbohydrate polymers e.g. starch and cellulose

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38
Q

metal + acid –>

A

salt + hydrogen

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39
Q

metal + alkali –>

A

salt + water

40
Q

metal oxide + acid –>

A

salt + water

41
Q

metal hydroxide + acid –>

A

salt + water

42
Q

metal carbonate + acid –>

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

43
Q

metal + water –>

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

44
Q

What are hydrocarbons made of?

A

Carbon and hydrogen atoms

45
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

46
Q

Are alkanes saturated compounds?

A

Yes

47
Q

Why are alkanes saturates?

A

The carbon atoms only form (4) single bonds

48
Q

What is meant by viscous?

A

Thick

49
Q

What is meant by volatile?

A

Evaporates more easily - lower boiling points

50
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons the shorter the chain:

A

Less viscous / more runny
More volatile
More flammable

51
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons affect?

A

How they are used as fuels

52
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is plenty of oxygen

53
Q

What does complete combustion release?

A

A lot of energy, water vapour and carbon dioxide

54
Q

What from the hydrocarbon is oxidised during combustion?

A

Both carbon and hydrogen

55
Q

Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

A

They release a lot of energy when they combust completely

56
Q

When does incomplete combustion take place?

A

When there is a poor supply of oxygen

57
Q

Why would people prefer to use an alkane instead of an alkene during combustion?

A

Alkenes are more likely to undergo incomplete combustion while alkanes release more energy during combustion

58
Q

Why use octane instead of octene in a car engine?

4 marks

A

Octene tends to undergo incomplete combustion so produces smokier flames
It also prodces more CO, which is poisonous
Octane releases more energy during combustion than octene
Octane is a more efficient fuel

59
Q

How does crude oil form?

A

From remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, buried under mud under high pressure and temperatures

60
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons

61
Q

How are different compounds separated in crude oil?

A

Using fractional distillation

62
Q

What has to be done to the crude oil before it can enter the fractionating column?

A

It has to be vapourised

63
Q

What is the temperature gradient like in the fractionating column?

A

It becomes cooler as you go up the fractionating column

64
Q

What happens to the vapour as it rises up the fractionating column?

A

It cools and condenses at their boiling points, at different levels

65
Q

Why does the vapour condense at different boiling points in the fractionating column?

A

Because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points

66
Q

Where do longer hydrocarbons condense and why?

A

They condense quickly, near the bottom because they have high boiling points

67
Q

Where do shorter hydrocarbons condense and why?

A

They condense near the top because they have low boiling points

68
Q

What does each fraction contain?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms and therefore similar boiling points

69
Q

What happens during fractional distillation?

A

The crude oil is vapourised and entered into the fractionating column. The vapour rises up the column before cooling and condensing at their boiling points, at different levels, because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. This happens because the column has a temperature gradient, become cooler as you go up the fractionating column. Long hydrocarbons condense quickly, near the bottom because they have high boiling points while short hydrocarbons condense near the top because they have low boiling points. The crude oil is separated into different factions, mixtures of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms and therefore similar boiling points

70
Q

What can crude oil be used foe?

A

Fuel - for transport

To make compounds such as polymers, solvents, lubricants

71
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

72
Q

Why are short-chain hydrocarbons in high demand?

A

Because they are flammable and therefore make good fuels

73
Q

How are long alkane molecules made useful?

A

They are broken down into smaller molecules through cracking

74
Q

What does cracking produce?

A

An alkene and an alkane

75
Q

How are alkenes useful?

A

They can be used to make polymers

76
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A

Cracking with a catalyst

Cracking with steam

77
Q

What happens when cracking with a catalyst?

A

The large hydrocarbons are vapourised
The vapour is passed over a hot catalyst
The long-chain molecules split up on the surface of the catalyst - catalytic cracking

78
Q

What happens when cracking with steam?

A

The large hydrocarbons are vapourised
The vapour is mixed with steam
It is then heated to a very high temperature

79
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene?

A

CnH2n

80
Q

Why are alkenes saturated?

A

They have a double C=C bond

81
Q

What do alkenes have?

A

They have a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms

82
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Because the double C=C bond can open up to make a single bond, allowing the 2 carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

83
Q

In a large amount of oxygen, alkenes combust _________ to produce ____ + _____ ______

A

Completely
Water
Carbon dioxide

84
Q

What else is produced when alkenes undergo incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon or carbon monoxide

85
Q

What happens during an addition reaction?

A

The carbon-carbon double bond opens up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon

86
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Addition of hydrogen

87
Q

What does the hydrogenation of alkene produce?

A

A saturated alkane

88
Q

During hydrogenation, the _____ is reacted with ________ in the presence of a _______

A

Alkene
Hydrogen
Catalyst

89
Q

What is formed when an alkene is reacted with steam?

A

Alcohol

90
Q

Ethanol can be made by mixing _____ with ____ and then passing it over a _________

A

Ethene
Steam
Catalyst

91
Q

Do alkenes react with halogens?

A

Yes

92
Q

Is the molecule formed when halogens and alkenes react saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

93
Q

What is formed when bromine and ethene reacts?

A

Dibromoethane

94
Q

How can you test for alkenes?

A

Add bromine

95
Q

What happens when bromine water is added to an alkane?

A

No reaction takes place - it remains orange

96
Q

What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?

A

The bromine will add across the double bond making a colourless compound

97
Q

What colour is dibromoethane?

A

Colourless

Chemistry GCSE (10 decks)

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