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chem > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Geometric Isomerism

A

Groups are arranged on same / opposite sides of double bond C=C

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2
Q

Structural Isomerism

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure e.g. butane

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3
Q

Elimination

A

Part of the organic molecule is removed

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4
Q

Substituation

A

Part of the organic molecule is replaced

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5
Q

Addition

A

The reacts form one product

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6
Q

Polymerisation

A

Many monomers /small molecules form one long/large molecule chain

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

chemical reactions with water

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

O added and/or H removed

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9
Q

Reducation

A

H added and/or O removed

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10
Q

Naming

A

Side chains - Main chains - Functional group

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11
Q

Homologous Series

A

Same general formula and group.
Chain increase by a CH2 unit
Shows chemical properties
Gradual trend in physical properties

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12
Q

Representation

A 
Empirical: C2H6O (simplest ratio)
Molecular: C4H9OH
Displayed: shows structure
General: CnH2N+1OH
Structural: CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Skeletal: shows CH- using skeletal lines
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13
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons
single bonds
CnH2n+2
non-polar

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14
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound containing only C and H

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15
Q

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oils

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures. This method can be used because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points.

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16
Q

Fuels

A

Alkenes have large exothermic enthalpies of combustion making them good fuels.

Liquid alkanes are easier to store in sensible volumes.

Shoter / lighter alkanes are easier to ignite

17
Q

Fuels x2

A

Alkanes with similar chain length and boiling points condense at different points up the water and are collected.
Refinery gas is collected at the top of the tower

18
Q

Alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Contains double bonds
CnH2n
non-polar

19
Q

Alkenes reactivity

A

The Pi bond is relatively weak and easily breaks to form 2 new sigma bonds = low Ea
Addition = breaking weak Pi bond

20
Q

Double Bond

A

1 strong sigma bond formed by a lateral overlap of P-orbitals above and below the siga bond

21
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Lateral overlap of p-orbitals above and below the c-c sigma bond and prevents groups bonded to the c atoms to rotate around the C=C

Locks into either Adjacent or Opposite across the C=C

22
Q

Cis/Trans

A 
Cis-Trans = Identical Groups
Cis = adjacent
Trans = opposite
23
Q

E/Z

A 
E-Z = Different groups
E = Opposite 
Z = Adjacent
24
Q

Converting Dm3

A

1dm3 = 1000cm3
1dm3 > cm3 = x1000
cm3 > 1dm3 = /1000

25
Q

Converting m3

A

1m3 = 1000dm3 = 1000000cm3

26
Q

Cracking

A

Shorter chains are more readily combusted than long chains and make better fuels so higher demand

Long chains are converted to short chains and alkene molecules by cracking

27
Q

Reforming

A

straight chain hydrocarbons are reformed into branched or cyclic molecules

Branched-chain and cyclic alkanes are better fuels. they burn more evenly and efficiently releasing more energy and releasing it more instantaneously

28
Q

Pollution from fuel hydrocarbons

A

CO2: contributing to global warming > climate change
CO: Toxic, from incomplete combustion
N,S oxides: Cause acid rain
Catalytic converter: reduces NO,SO2 Pollution

29
Q

Limited Reactivity

A

Alkanes contain only non-polar strong C-C and C-H sigma bond leading to high Ea for reaction

30
Q

Initation

A

Cl2 > 2Cl.
Free radicals formed
reversible

31
Q

Propagation

A

CH4 +Cl. > CH3 + HCl
CH3 + Cl2 > CH3Cl + Cl.
Cl. forms strong bond with H
Cl. reformed

32
Q

Termination

A

CH3. + Cl. > CH4
2Cl. > Cl2
Only molecule formed
slows reaction

33
Q

Catalytic Hydrogenation

A

Adding H2 to C=C
Reagents: H2
Condition = Nickel / platinum catalyst, Strong heating

34
Q

Electrophilic Addition with Bromine

A

Adding Br2 to C=C
Reagents: Br2
Condition: Room temperature

35
Q

Catalytic Hydration

A

Adding H2O to C=C
Reagents = H2O
Conditions = H3PO4

36
Q

Electrophilic Addition Hydrogen Halides

A

Adding Hx to C=C
Reagents = Hx
Conditions = Room temperature

37
Q

Oxidation

A

Adding 2 OH groups to C=C
Reagents = Kmno4 + H2SO4
Conditions = Room temperature
Kmno4 = (O)

38
Q

Addition Polymerisation

A

Individual alkenes joined together to form long chain
Reagents = any alkene
Condition = high pressure / temp

chem (2 decks)

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