Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is a organic compound
A
contains carbon
2
Q
What is a saturated hydrocarbon
A
compound containing only single bonds as as much hydrogen as possible
3
Q
What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon
A
if there are double bonds between carbons then there is not the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to carbons
4
Q
what is a multiple bond
A
two or more covalent bonds across an atom
5
Q
displaced formula
A
shows every atom and every bond
6
Q
structural formula
A
a simplified molecular formula showing the group of atoms joined to a particular carbon
7
Q
skeletal formula
A
zig-zag line that shows the bonds between carbon atoms
8
Q
molecular formula
A
shows the actual numbers of each atom in the molecules
9
Q
empirical formula
A
shows the numbers of each atom in the simplest whole-number ratio
10
Q
functional group
A
is an atom or a group of atoms in a molecules that is responsible for its chemical reactions and predictable properties
11
Q
Homologous series and an example
A
is a family of compounds with the same functional groups, which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member Alkanes
12
Q
General formula for alkanes
A
CnH2n+2
13
Q
General formula for Alkenes
A
CnH2n
14
Q
General formula for halogenoalkanes
A
CnH2n+1X
15
Q
General formula for Alcohols
A
CnH2n+1OH
16
Q
What is the number that correlates with ‘meth’
A
1
17
Q
What is the number that correlates with ‘eth’
A
2
18
Q
What is the number that correlates with ‘prop’
A
3
19
Q
What is the number that correlates with ‘but’
A
4
20
Q
What is the number that correlates with ‘pent’
A
5
21
Q
What are the rules around locants
A
- When an atom and group can have different positions in a molecules, numbers and hyphens are used to show there positions - Numbers represent the carbon atom in the longest chain that the atom and group are attached to
22
Q
All alkanes end in what
A
-ane
23
Q
Name the functional group
-OH
A
Alcohols
24
Q
Name the Fucntional group
A
Alkene
25
Name the Functioal group
Alkynes
26
Name the functional group
-Hal
Halogenalkene
| (Haloalkene)
27
Name the functional group
Ethers
28
Name the functioal group
Aldehydes
29
Name the Functional group
Ketone
30
Name the functioal group
Carboxylic acid
31
Name the functional group
-NH2
Amine
32
Names for Alcohols end in what
-ol
33
Which is the correct name for a Alcohol and why
propan-1-ol
1-propanol
propan-1-ol
locant appears near the end of the name, but beofre the letters representing the group (ol)
34
Which is the correct name for the alcoho, and why
3-methylbutan-2-ol
2-methylbutan-3-ol
3-methylbutan-2-ol
because the lowest number locant should be used for the suffix funtional group
35
Which is the correct name for the alkane and why
3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
3-ethyl-4-methylpentane
3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
because locants should add up to the smallest number possible
36
When would locants not be used in a name
e.g dimethylpropane
the longest carbon chain is not longer than 3 carbon atoms
37
Structural isomer
are compounds with the same molecular formula but with a different strucutral formulae
38
Stereoisomers
compounds with the same structural formual (and the same molecular) but with atoms or groups arranged differently in 3-D
39
Geometric isomer
compounds containing double C-C bond with atoms or groups attached at different positions
40
restricted roation
around a double C-C bond fixes the positon of the atoms or groups attached to the double C-C atoms
41
What are the two types of structural isomers
Chain and Positon
42
What is a chain isomer
refers to the molecules with different carbon chains
43
What is a position isomer
refers to molecules with the same function group attached to different positons on the same carbon chain
44
What are trans isomers
when two of the same atoms or groups of atoms are across from another on opposite sides of the double bond
45
What is a cis isomer
When the same atoms or group are on the same side of the double C-C bond
46
When does problems occur with cis-trans isomerism
it only works with some compounds, because if there a 4 different groups, two groups being either a cis/trans isomer will not work
47
What is the priority rules
to decide which of the two atoms on the top and bottom of the double bond have the higher priority
priority is decided through the highest atomic number
48
What is a E-isomer
When the highest priority are on opposite ends of the double C-C bond
(Enermies)
49
What is a Z-isomer
When the two highest priorities are on the same side of the double C-C bond
(zusammen)
50
What is Fractional Distillation
- Crude oil is heated in a furnace, turns it into vapour and passed into column at bottom
- There is a temperture gradient, hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
- Vapour passes throught the column through a serier of bubble caps, different fractions condense at different heights in the coloumn, depending on boiling tempertures
51
What type of hydrocarbon condenses at the bottom
larger molecules with longer chanins and higher boiling tempertures
52
What type of Hyrdrocarbon condenses near the top
smaller molecules with shorter chains and lower boiling points
53
What rising out of the top of this distillation column
Some of the hydrocarbons in tcrude oil are dissolved gases
54
What is cracking
- There are fewer uses for long-chain hydrocarbons so there is a surplus of these
- Therefore as the is more demand for shorter chain hydrocarbons as they are better fuels, we convert longer chanins into shorter chain by
passing the hydrocarbons in the heavier fractions through a heated catalyst, usually zeolite, which is a compound of aluminium, silicon and oxygen
This causes larger molecules to break up into smaller onse
55
C10H22 -\> C8H18 +
C2H4
56
What is reforming
- Hydrocarbons with straight chains burn less efficiently than those with branched chains than those with branched chains and those with rings (cyclic compounds)
- Process of reforming converts straight chain hydrocarbons by heating them with a catalyst, usually platinum
57
What other product is produced when reforming Pentane
H2
58
What is the formual for complete Combustion
C3H8 + 5O2 -\> 3CO2 + 4H2O
59
What are the two products of complete combustion
water
Carbon dioxide
60
What is the formula for incomeplete combustion where carbon is present
C3H8 + 4O2 -\> C + 2CO2 + 4H2O
61
Why does incompete combusiotion happen
insufficent oxygen present, or because cumbustion is very rapid
This can form solid Carbon atoms, Carbon Monoxide
62
Give an example for the equation of incompete combustion (C8H8) , which contains carbon as a product
C8H8 + 4O2 -\> C + 2CO2 + 4H2O
63
Give an example of an equation of incompete combustion with propane (C3H8), where Carbon Monoxide
C3H8 + 4O2 -\> 2CO + CO2 + 4H2O
64
Why is carbon Monoxide lethal
Acts by preventing the transporting of oxygen around the body
65
What is another poruduct that can be produced in incomplete cobustion other than carbon/monoxide
Unburned hydrocarbons
Small proportion of hyrdocarbons in the fuel are released inot the atomsphere unchaged
Abbreviated to HC
66
What are two different oxides that can produced in combstion of crude oil
Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides
67
During the combustion of alkanes, sulfur forms sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide in the atmosphere
Name the two equations for this
S + O2 -\> SO2
2SO2 + O2 -\> H2SO4
68
When sulfur in alkanes combusts, it form what type of oxides
And what does this mean they can do
Acidic
Dissolve in water
69
When acidic oxides of sulfur dissolve in water, they form what
Sulfurous acid and sulfuric acid
70
What are the equations for the dissolving of acidic oxides of sulfur in the atmosphere
SO2/3
SO2 + H2O -\> H2SO3
SO3 + H2O -\> H2SO4
71
What do the dissolved acidic oxides of sulfur in water in the atmosphere cause
Acid Rain
This causes enriromental damage, like enviromental damage and to aquatic life
72
What causes nitrogen molecules in the air to act with oxygen molecules to form nitrogen oxides
combustion at very high tempertures
73
What is the formual that represents the oxides of nitrogen
NOx
74
What are the 2 main oxides of nitrogen
Nitrogen Monoxide (NO)
Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2)
75
At very high temperture what is the equation for the main reaction with nitrogen
N2 + O2 -\> 2NO
76
What is the equation for nitrogen monoxide reacting with oxygen in the atmosphere
2NO + O2 -\> 2NO2
77
What is the equation for Nitrogen dioxide dissolving in water, that forms nitrous acid and nitric acids
2NO2 + H2O -\> HNO2 + HNO3
78
What acids contribute to enviromental damage in the same way as sulfurous acid and sulfuric aicds
Nitrous acid
Nitric Acid
79
The widespread of what has made pollution less of a plroblem
Catalytic coverters fitted to exhaust systems
80
Catalytic converters use small quantites of what precious metals
Platinum
Rhodium
Palladium
81
The metals in a catalytic converter are spread over what
a honeycomb mesh to increase surface area for reaction
82
What is a common type of catalytic coverter
And what pollutants does it remove
Three way catalyst
Because it can remove three different pollutants:
Carbon monoxide, unburned hyrdocarbons and oxides of ntrogen
83
What is an equation for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in a catalytic coverter
2CO + O2 -\> 2CO2
84
Write an equation for turning Nitrogen monoxide and Carbon Monoxide in to non-pollutants
2NO + 2CO -\> N2 + 2CO2
85
Why is there a need for alternate fuels
- Depletion of natural resources
- Global Warming
86
What are the two solutions attempted to use as alternate fuels
Biofuels
Bioalcohols
87
What is a Biofuel
are fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently
88
What does Carbon Neutral mean
If the amount of CO2 formed in combustion is the same amount taken in, during the products lifetime
89
Why are fossile fuels not carbon neutral
They abosorbed Carbon Dioide in growth, and release the same amount they abosrbed
However the carbon dioxide was absorbed from the atmosphere million of ear ago, when amount in atmosphere was higher, which is why they increase the amount of CO2
90
What is the problem with Biofuels
They are not technically Carbon neutral
Plants have to be harvested, transported and processed in a facotry the delivered to point of sale
All of these stages require energy, which involved the the production of Carbon Dioixide
91
What is Biodiesel
is a fuel made from vegtables oils obtained from plants
it can also be combined with diesel
92
What are Bioalcohols
Fuels made from plant matter, ofen using enzymes or bacteria
93
How is ethanol made
Fermentation of sugars to prouduce alcholic drinks,
It involes use of yeasts that contains enzymes, but there is an upper limit to concentrations
94
What is the problem with the current way ethanol is made
Has to be seperarated from large amounts of water before it can be used as a fuel
95
What is the main difference between the production of ethanol and bioethanol
involving bacteria rather than enzymes
uses a much wider range of plants,and plant waste
There is a higher upper limit to concentration
96
What the 4 Main ways to compare fuels
Land
Yield
Manufaturing and transport
Carbon Neutrality
97
Renewable
energy sources, use sources that can be continously replaced
98
Non-renewable
energy sources, not being replenished, except over geological timescales
99
What is a subsitiution reaction
one which an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group
100
What is a mechanism
the dequences of steps in an overall reaction
Each step shows what ahppens to electrons involoved in bond breaking or forming
101
What is Homolytic fission
the breaking of a covelent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming a radical
102
in the chlorination of methane, what has to happen for the reaction to occur
increase in temperture
However reaction will occur at room temperture when exposed to UV
103
In step one of the chlorination of methane, what is the use of UV
breaks the chlorine molecule into chlorine atoms, each chlorine taking one atom - homolytic fisson
104
Write an equation for homolytic fission of Cl2
Cl2 -\> Cl. + Cl.
105
What step in radical mechanisms involves homolytic fission
initation - one moleule becomes two radicals
106
What is the second step of radical mechanisms
propagation - a molecules and a radical become a different radical and molecule, and there are two reactions in this step
107
What is the third step of radical mechanisms
Termination - two radicals becomes one molecule
108
Write the termination reaction of two chlorine molcules
Cl. + Cl. -\> Cl2
109
What is a radical
a species that contains an unpaired electron
110
What are the bond angles in an alkene
120o
Trigonal Planar
111
Some alkenes can be cyclic like alkanes, however name one difference
do not have the same general formula as non-cyclic alkenes
They have 2 fewer hydrogens
This is because there are no terminal CH3 molecules
112
What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes
The double carbon bond
113
What can be miss leading about the double carbon bonds in alkenes, in terms of bonding
The two bonds between carbon atoms are not the same
They are sigma and pi bonds
114
Name the bonds in Alkenes between the hydrogen and Carbons
The covelent bonds between the two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecules can be shown as H-H
This bond is a sigma bond
It is an end-on overlap or P orbitals
115
What type of bond do the last two electrons in alkenes form
Two adjacent P orbital in Carbon, are not bonded
They create a Pi bond, with two overlaps
They two regions of negative charge above/below the carbon sigma bond, which contains one electron
116
Which Bond is stonger, Pi or Sigma
Sigma
electrons are more tigh;y held between two carbon atoms
117
In most reactions of alkenes, which bond changes
The double Pi bond, into a single bond, where electrons are used to form new bonds with a attacking molecule
This then forms a saturated molecules and only sigma bonds, which means it more stable
118
What reaction is used to detect for the presence of C=c in a compound
Bromine what
this is because the products are colourless, therefore is decolourised
119
What is an addition reaction
reaction in which two molecules combine to form one molecules
120
What is Hydrogenation
is an addition reaction in whih hydrogen is added to an alkene
121
What is does to vegtables oils, to solids
They are unsaturated, so when reacting with hydrogen, some of the C=c bonds turn into C-C bonds
122
What is halogenation
involves the additon of a halogen
The products of these are dihalogenalkanes (like Chlorination)
123
Give an example of a halogenation reaction
Ethene and Bromine/Chlorine
124
What is Hydration reaction
Involes the addtion of water (or steam)
However should be considered adding H and OH to a C=C bond
This reaction is usually done by heating alkene with steam and passing the mixture over a catalyst of phosphoric acid
125
The Hydration of ethene forms
Ethanol
126
What is a addition reaction with hydrogen halides
Forms a halogenoalkane
Example: Hydrogen Bromide and ethene forms bromoethane
127
What is Oxidation to diols
reactions involves both addition and oxidation
A Diol is compound containing two OH (alcohols) groups
Potassium Manganate (Vll) is the oxidising agent, put in acid conditions (usually dilute sulfuric acid). It provides an oxygen and water solution provides another oxygen and two hydrogen
128
State an equation of the oxidisation of ethane C2H4 in the oxidation of a diol
C2H4 + [O] + H2O -\> C2H6O2
[O] oxygen suppied by the oxidising agent
Product is ethane-1,2-diol
129
State the 4 main ways of putting polymer waste to other uses
Recycling
Incineration
Use as a chemical feedstock
Biodegradable polymers
130
Explain how recycling works
Converting it into other materials
Sorting the many different types of polymer, which can either be done by hand or by a indentification code
The waste is then chopped into small pieces and then washed
It is then used to make new materials by melting, moulding and fibre production
131
How does incineration work
Coverts polymer waste into heat energy, used in homes and factories
As it prodominately made up of hydrogen and carbon
There is very little soild waste left
132
What is the problem with incineration
Concerns about air pollution
Other elements like PVC which contains chlorine
and toxic heavy metal which used for colouring
133
What is chemical feedstock
Break down of polymer waste into gases (mainly H atoms + CO)
This produces a feedstock which can be used in other chemical reactions, often to make new polymers
134
How do biodegradable polymers work
And 2 negatives
Biopolymers which can be broken down by microbes in the enviroment
However they are often made from plants, which requires land to grow plants
There is no way to retreive waste products once gone into the the enviroment
135
What is the Life cycle assessment
What are the 5 main parts of the life cycle assessment
analyses the impact of a manufactured product.
1. making materials for the product from the raw materials needed
2. manufacturing the product
3. transport of the product (and raw materials)
4. using the product
5. disposing of the product at the end of its useful life
