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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a organic compound

A

contains carbon

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2
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

compound containing only single bonds as as much hydrogen as possible

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3
Q

What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

if there are double bonds between carbons then there is not the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to carbons

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4
Q

what is a multiple bond

A

two or more covalent bonds across an atom

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5
Q

displaced formula

A

shows every atom and every bond

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6
Q

structural formula

A

a simplified molecular formula showing the group of atoms joined to a particular carbon

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7
Q

skeletal formula

A

zig-zag line that shows the bonds between carbon atoms

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8
Q

molecular formula

A

shows the actual numbers of each atom in the molecules

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9
Q

empirical formula

A

shows the numbers of each atom in the simplest whole-number ratio

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10
Q

functional group

A

is an atom or a group of atoms in a molecules that is responsible for its chemical reactions and predictable properties

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11
Q

Homologous series and an example

A

is a family of compounds with the same functional groups, which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member Alkanes

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12
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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13
Q

General formula for Alkenes

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

General formula for halogenoalkanes

A

CnH2n+1X

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15
Q

General formula for Alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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16
Q

What is the number that correlates with ‘meth’

A

1

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17
Q

What is the number that correlates with ‘eth’

A

2

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18
Q

What is the number that correlates with ‘prop’

A

3

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19
Q

What is the number that correlates with ‘but’

A

4

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20
Q

What is the number that correlates with ‘pent’

A

5

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21
Q

What are the rules around locants

A
  • When an atom and group can have different positions in a molecules, numbers and hyphens are used to show there positions - Numbers represent the carbon atom in the longest chain that the atom and group are attached to
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22
Q

All alkanes end in what

A

-ane

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23
Q

Name the functional group

-OH

A

Alcohols

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24
Q

Name the Fucntional group

A

Alkene

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25
Q

Name the Functioal group

A

Alkynes

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26
Q

Name the functional group

-Hal

A

Halogenalkene

(Haloalkene)

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27
Q

Name the functional group

A

Ethers

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28
Q

Name the functioal group

A

Aldehydes

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29
Q

Name the Functional group

A

Ketone

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30
Q

Name the functioal group

A

Carboxylic acid

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31
Q

Name the functional group

-NH2

A

Amine

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32
Q

Names for Alcohols end in what

A

-ol

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33
Q

Which is the correct name for a Alcohol and why

propan-1-ol

1-propanol

A

propan-1-ol

locant appears near the end of the name, but beofre the letters representing the group (ol)

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34
Q

Which is the correct name for the alcoho, and why

3-methylbutan-2-ol

2-methylbutan-3-ol

A

3-methylbutan-2-ol

because the lowest number locant should be used for the suffix funtional group

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35
Q

Which is the correct name for the alkane and why

3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

3-ethyl-4-methylpentane

A

3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

because locants should add up to the smallest number possible

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36
Q

When would locants not be used in a name

e.g dimethylpropane

A

the longest carbon chain is not longer than 3 carbon atoms

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37
Q

Structural isomer

A

are compounds with the same molecular formula but with a different strucutral formulae

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38
Q

Stereoisomers

A

compounds with the same structural formual (and the same molecular) but with atoms or groups arranged differently in 3-D

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39
Q

Geometric isomer

A

compounds containing double C-C bond with atoms or groups attached at different positions

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40
Q

restricted roation

A

around a double C-C bond fixes the positon of the atoms or groups attached to the double C-C atoms

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41
Q

What are the two types of structural isomers

A

Chain and Positon

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42
Q

What is a chain isomer

A

refers to the molecules with different carbon chains

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43
Q

What is a position isomer

A

refers to molecules with the same function group attached to different positons on the same carbon chain

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44
Q

What are trans isomers

A

when two of the same atoms or groups of atoms are across from another on opposite sides of the double bond

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45
Q

What is a cis isomer

A

When the same atoms or group are on the same side of the double C-C bond

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46
Q

When does problems occur with cis-trans isomerism

A

it only works with some compounds, because if there a 4 different groups, two groups being either a cis/trans isomer will not work

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47
Q

What is the priority rules

A

to decide which of the two atoms on the top and bottom of the double bond have the higher priority

priority is decided through the highest atomic number

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48
Q

What is a E-isomer

A

When the highest priority are on opposite ends of the double C-C bond

(Enermies)

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49
Q

What is a Z-isomer

A

When the two highest priorities are on the same side of the double C-C bond

(zusammen)

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50
Q

What is Fractional Distillation

A
  • Crude oil is heated in a furnace, turns it into vapour and passed into column at bottom
  • There is a temperture gradient, hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  • Vapour passes throught the column through a serier of bubble caps, different fractions condense at different heights in the coloumn, depending on boiling tempertures
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51
Q

What type of hydrocarbon condenses at the bottom

A

larger molecules with longer chanins and higher boiling tempertures

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52
Q

What type of Hyrdrocarbon condenses near the top

A

smaller molecules with shorter chains and lower boiling points

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53
Q

What rising out of the top of this distillation column

A

Some of the hydrocarbons in tcrude oil are dissolved gases

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54
Q

What is cracking

A
  • There are fewer uses for long-chain hydrocarbons so there is a surplus of these
  • Therefore as the is more demand for shorter chain hydrocarbons as they are better fuels, we convert longer chanins into shorter chain by

passing the hydrocarbons in the heavier fractions through a heated catalyst, usually zeolite, which is a compound of aluminium, silicon and oxygen

This causes larger molecules to break up into smaller onse

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55
Q

C10H22 -> C8H18 +

A

C2H4

56
Q

What is reforming

A
  • Hydrocarbons with straight chains burn less efficiently than those with branched chains than those with branched chains and those with rings (cyclic compounds)
  • Process of reforming converts straight chain hydrocarbons by heating them with a catalyst, usually platinum
57
Q

What other product is produced when reforming Pentane

A

H2

58
Q

What is the formual for complete Combustion

A

C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O

59
Q

What are the two products of complete combustion

A

water

Carbon dioxide

60
Q

What is the formula for incomeplete combustion where carbon is present

A

C3H8 + 4O2 -> C + 2CO2 + 4H2O

61
Q

Why does incompete combusiotion happen

A

insufficent oxygen present, or because cumbustion is very rapid

This can form solid Carbon atoms, Carbon Monoxide

62
Q

Give an example for the equation of incompete combustion (C8H8) , which contains carbon as a product

A

C8H8 + 4O2 -> C + 2CO2 + 4H2O

63
Q

Give an example of an equation of incompete combustion with propane (C3H8), where Carbon Monoxide

A

C3H8 + 4O2 -> 2CO + CO2 + 4H2O

64
Q

Why is carbon Monoxide lethal

A

Acts by preventing the transporting of oxygen around the body

65
Q

What is another poruduct that can be produced in incomplete cobustion other than carbon/monoxide

A

Unburned hydrocarbons

Small proportion of hyrdocarbons in the fuel are released inot the atomsphere unchaged

Abbreviated to HC

66
Q

What are two different oxides that can produced in combstion of crude oil

A

Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides

67
Q

During the combustion of alkanes, sulfur forms sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide in the atmosphere

Name the two equations for this

A

S + O2 -> SO2

2SO2 + O2 -> H2SO4

68
Q

When sulfur in alkanes combusts, it form what type of oxides

And what does this mean they can do

A

Acidic

Dissolve in water

69
Q

When acidic oxides of sulfur dissolve in water, they form what

A

Sulfurous acid and sulfuric acid

70
Q

What are the equations for the dissolving of acidic oxides of sulfur in the atmosphere

SO2/3

A

SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3

SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

71
Q

What do the dissolved acidic oxides of sulfur in water in the atmosphere cause

A

Acid Rain

This causes enriromental damage, like enviromental damage and to aquatic life

72
Q

What causes nitrogen molecules in the air to act with oxygen molecules to form nitrogen oxides

A

combustion at very high tempertures

73
Q

What is the formual that represents the oxides of nitrogen

A

NOx

74
Q

What are the 2 main oxides of nitrogen

A

Nitrogen Monoxide (NO)

Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2)

75
Q

At very high temperture what is the equation for the main reaction with nitrogen

A

N2 + O2 -> 2NO

76
Q

What is the equation for nitrogen monoxide reacting with oxygen in the atmosphere

A

2NO + O2 -> 2NO2

77
Q

What is the equation for Nitrogen dioxide dissolving in water, that forms nitrous acid and nitric acids

A

2NO2 + H2O -> HNO2 + HNO3

78
Q

What acids contribute to enviromental damage in the same way as sulfurous acid and sulfuric aicds

A

Nitrous acid

Nitric Acid

79
Q

The widespread of what has made pollution less of a plroblem

A

Catalytic coverters fitted to exhaust systems

80
Q

Catalytic converters use small quantites of what precious metals

A

Platinum

Rhodium

Palladium

81
Q

The metals in a catalytic converter are spread over what

A

a honeycomb mesh to increase surface area for reaction

82
Q

What is a common type of catalytic coverter

And what pollutants does it remove

A

Three way catalyst

Because it can remove three different pollutants:

Carbon monoxide, unburned hyrdocarbons and oxides of ntrogen

83
Q

What is an equation for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in a catalytic coverter

A

2CO + O2 -> 2CO2

84
Q

Write an equation for turning Nitrogen monoxide and Carbon Monoxide in to non-pollutants

A

2NO + 2CO -> N2 + 2CO2

85
Q

Why is there a need for alternate fuels

A
  • Depletion of natural resources
  • Global Warming
86
Q

What are the two solutions attempted to use as alternate fuels

A

Biofuels

Bioalcohols

87
Q

What is a Biofuel

A

are fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently

88
Q

What does Carbon Neutral mean

A

If the amount of CO2 formed in combustion is the same amount taken in, during the products lifetime

89
Q

Why are fossile fuels not carbon neutral

A

They abosorbed Carbon Dioide in growth, and release the same amount they abosrbed

However the carbon dioxide was absorbed from the atmosphere million of ear ago, when amount in atmosphere was higher, which is why they increase the amount of CO2

90
Q

What is the problem with Biofuels

A

They are not technically Carbon neutral

Plants have to be harvested, transported and processed in a facotry the delivered to point of sale

All of these stages require energy, which involved the the production of Carbon Dioixide

91
Q

What is Biodiesel

A

is a fuel made from vegtables oils obtained from plants

it can also be combined with diesel

92
Q

What are Bioalcohols

A

Fuels made from plant matter, ofen using enzymes or bacteria

93
Q

How is ethanol made

A

Fermentation of sugars to prouduce alcholic drinks,

It involes use of yeasts that contains enzymes, but there is an upper limit to concentrations

94
Q

What is the problem with the current way ethanol is made

A

Has to be seperarated from large amounts of water before it can be used as a fuel

95
Q

What is the main difference between the production of ethanol and bioethanol

A

involving bacteria rather than enzymes

uses a much wider range of plants,and plant waste

There is a higher upper limit to concentration

96
Q

What the 4 Main ways to compare fuels

A

Land

Yield

Manufaturing and transport

Carbon Neutrality

97
Q

Renewable

A

energy sources, use sources that can be continously replaced

98
Q

Non-renewable

A

energy sources, not being replenished, except over geological timescales

99
Q

What is a subsitiution reaction

A

one which an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group

100
Q

What is a mechanism

A

the dequences of steps in an overall reaction

Each step shows what ahppens to electrons involoved in bond breaking or forming

101
Q

What is Homolytic fission

A

the breaking of a covelent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming a radical

102
Q

in the chlorination of methane, what has to happen for the reaction to occur

A

increase in temperture

However reaction will occur at room temperture when exposed to UV

103
Q

In step one of the chlorination of methane, what is the use of UV

A

breaks the chlorine molecule into chlorine atoms, each chlorine taking one atom - homolytic fisson

104
Q

Write an equation for homolytic fission of Cl2

A

Cl2 -> Cl. + Cl.

105
Q

What step in radical mechanisms involves homolytic fission

A

initation - one moleule becomes two radicals

106
Q

What is the second step of radical mechanisms

A

propagation - a molecules and a radical become a different radical and molecule, and there are two reactions in this step

107
Q

What is the third step of radical mechanisms

A

Termination - two radicals becomes one molecule

108
Q

Write the termination reaction of two chlorine molcules

A

Cl. + Cl. -> Cl2

109
Q

What is a radical

A

a species that contains an unpaired electron

110
Q

What are the bond angles in an alkene

A

120o

Trigonal Planar

111
Q

Some alkenes can be cyclic like alkanes, however name one difference

A

do not have the same general formula as non-cyclic alkenes

They have 2 fewer hydrogens

This is because there are no terminal CH3 molecules

112
Q

What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

The double carbon bond

113
Q

What can be miss leading about the double carbon bonds in alkenes, in terms of bonding

A

The two bonds between carbon atoms are not the same

They are sigma and pi bonds

114
Q

Name the bonds in Alkenes between the hydrogen and Carbons

A

The covelent bonds between the two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecules can be shown as H-H

This bond is a sigma bond

It is an end-on overlap or P orbitals

115
Q

What type of bond do the last two electrons in alkenes form

A

Two adjacent P orbital in Carbon, are not bonded

They create a Pi bond, with two overlaps

They two regions of negative charge above/below the carbon sigma bond, which contains one electron

116
Q

Which Bond is stonger, Pi or Sigma

A

Sigma

electrons are more tigh;y held between two carbon atoms

117
Q

In most reactions of alkenes, which bond changes

A

The double Pi bond, into a single bond, where electrons are used to form new bonds with a attacking molecule

This then forms a saturated molecules and only sigma bonds, which means it more stable

118
Q

What reaction is used to detect for the presence of C=c in a compound

A

Bromine what

this is because the products are colourless, therefore is decolourised

119
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

reaction in which two molecules combine to form one molecules

120
Q

What is Hydrogenation

A

is an addition reaction in whih hydrogen is added to an alkene

121
Q

What is does to vegtables oils, to solids

A

They are unsaturated, so when reacting with hydrogen, some of the C=c bonds turn into C-C bonds

122
Q

What is halogenation

A

involves the additon of a halogen

The products of these are dihalogenalkanes (like Chlorination)

123
Q

Give an example of a halogenation reaction

A

Ethene and Bromine/Chlorine

124
Q

What is Hydration reaction

A

Involes the addtion of water (or steam)

However should be considered adding H and OH to a C=C bond

This reaction is usually done by heating alkene with steam and passing the mixture over a catalyst of phosphoric acid

125
Q

The Hydration of ethene forms

A

Ethanol

126
Q

What is a addition reaction with hydrogen halides

A

Forms a halogenoalkane

Example: Hydrogen Bromide and ethene forms bromoethane

127
Q

What is Oxidation to diols

A

reactions involves both addition and oxidation

A Diol is compound containing two OH (alcohols) groups

Potassium Manganate (Vll) is the oxidising agent, put in acid conditions (usually dilute sulfuric acid). It provides an oxygen and water solution provides another oxygen and two hydrogen

128
Q

State an equation of the oxidisation of ethane C2H4 in the oxidation of a diol

A

C2H4 + [O] + H2O -> C2H6O2

[O] oxygen suppied by the oxidising agent

Product is ethane-1,2-diol

129
Q

State the 4 main ways of putting polymer waste to other uses

A

Recycling

Incineration

Use as a chemical feedstock

Biodegradable polymers

130
Q

Explain how recycling works

A

Converting it into other materials

Sorting the many different types of polymer, which can either be done by hand or by a indentification code

The waste is then chopped into small pieces and then washed

It is then used to make new materials by melting, moulding and fibre production

131
Q

How does incineration work

A

Coverts polymer waste into heat energy, used in homes and factories

As it prodominately made up of hydrogen and carbon

There is very little soild waste left

132
Q

What is the problem with incineration

A

Concerns about air pollution

Other elements like PVC which contains chlorine

and toxic heavy metal which used for colouring

133
Q

What is chemical feedstock

A

Break down of polymer waste into gases (mainly H atoms + CO)

This produces a feedstock which can be used in other chemical reactions, often to make new polymers

134
Q

How do biodegradable polymers work

And 2 negatives

A

Biopolymers which can be broken down by microbes in the enviroment

However they are often made from plants, which requires land to grow plants

There is no way to retreive waste products once gone into the the enviroment

135
Q

What is the Life cycle assessment

What are the 5 main parts of the life cycle assessment

A

analyses the impact of a manufactured product.

  1. making materials for the product from the raw materials needed
  2. manufacturing the product
  3. transport of the product (and raw materials)
  4. using the product
  5. disposing of the product at the end of its useful life

Chemistry (12 decks)

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