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Chemistry Paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A finite source found in porous rocks in the Earth’s crust. It is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting of most plankton that was buried in mud.

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2
Q

What are most compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules only made of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

What affects the properties of hydrocarbons and how they can be used in fuels?

A

Their size

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5
Q

The larger the hydrocarbon:

A
  • More viscous it is
  • Higher it’s boiling point
  • Less volatile it is
  • Less easily it ignites
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6
Q

What does fractional distillation do?

A

Separates crude oil into different factions.

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7
Q

What does each fraction in a fractionating column contain?

A

Hydrocarbon molecules with similar number of carbon atoms.

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8
Q

What are most hydrocarbons obtained by fractional distillation?

A

Alkanes

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9
Q

How do the top and bottom of a fractionating column differ?

A

The top is cool (25 degrees) which means shorter hydrocarbons can reach the top.

The bottom is hot (400 degrees) which means longer hydrocarbons are collected lower down.

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10
Q

How are carbon atoms linked to each other?

A

They are linked to 4 others by single bonds

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11
Q

What are the bonds in alkanes like?

A

They are single

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12
Q

What are alkanes often deceived as?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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13
Q

How do alkanes burn?

A

They are fairly unreactive but burn well

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14
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Monkeys - Methane
Eat - Ethane
Peanut - Propane
Butter - Butane

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15
Q

What are most fuels compounds of?

A

Hydrogen and carbon. May also contain sulfur.

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16
Q

During the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels:

A
  • Both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
  • Energy is released
  • Waste products are produced (released into the atmosphere)
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17
Q

What happens if combustion is not complete?

A

Carbon monoxide, unburnt fuels and solid particles containing soot may be released.

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18
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

A colourless, odourless gas

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19
Q

How can solid particles in the air (particulates) cause global dimming?

A

By reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface and cause damage to people’s lungs.

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20
Q

When fuels burn what happens as a result of high temperatures?

A

Nitrogen in the air can react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides. These can cause respiratory problems and react with rain water to form acid rain.

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21
Q

When can sulfur be removed from fuels?

A

Before burning.

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22
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process in which larger chain hydrocarbons can be broken down into shorter, more useful hydrocarbon.

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23
Q

During catalytic cracking:

A
  • Hydrocarbons are heated until they vaporise
  • Vapour it passed over a hot catalyst
  • Thermal decomposition reaction then takes place
  • Products include alkanes and alkenes
24
Q

What are hydrocarbons mixed with during steam cracking?

A

Steam and they are heated to a high temperature

25
Q

What are some products of cracking used as?

A

Fuel

26
Q

What sort of fuels are there a high demand for?

A

Fuels with short chains of carbon atoms because they are easy to ignite and have low boiling points.

27
Q

What can alkenes be used to make?

A

A range of new compounds including polymers and industrial alcohol.

28
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons that have double bonds and are unsaturated.

29
Q

How do alkenes react?

A

They are more reactive than alkanes due to the c=c bonds.

30
Q

What is the combustion reaction of an alkene like?

A

Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion reactions. They tend to burn with smokier flames than alkanes due to incomplete combustion.

31
Q

What can be added to alkenes to produce alkanes?

A

Hydrogen which is an addition reaction.

32
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

By reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst (phosphoric acid)

33
Q

How do alkenes react with bromine water?

A

They react when shaken with bromine water, turning it from orange to colourless.

34
Q

How can reacting alkenes and alkanes with bromine water help to distinguish between them?

A

When an alkene reacts with bromine water it produces a colourless solution.

When an alkene reacts with bromine water it produces an orange/brown solution.

35
Q

What does ethene react with bromine to form?

A

Dibromoethane in an addition reaction.

36
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

37
Q

What are the two types of cracking often used?

A

Catalytic and steam cracking

38
Q

How can aqueous solutions of sugar be produced?

A

By the fermentation of sugar (renewable resource)

39
Q

Which temperatures work best for the fermentation of sugar?

A

25-50 degrees

40
Q

What happens if the temperature is too low during fermentation?

A

Yeast become inactive and rate of reaction slows

41
Q

What happens if the temperature is too high during fermentation?

A

Yeast is denatured and the reaction stops

42
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Carbon based molecules that contain the functional group -OH

43
Q

What are the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

44
Q

Alcohols:

  • Dissolve with water to form…
  • React with sodium to produce…
  • Burn in air to produce…
  • Are used as…
A

Neutral solutions
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide and water
Solvents

45
Q

What do alcoholic drinks contain?

A

Ethanol

46
Q

How is ethanol oxidised to ethanoic acid?

A

By chemical oxidising agents or by the action of bacteria from the air.

47
Q

What is the main acid in vinegar?

A

Ethanoic acid

48
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Organic compounds that contain the functional group -COOH

49
Q

Carboxylic acids:

  • Dissolve in water to form…
  • React with carbonates to produce…
  • Reacts with alcohols (in presence of catalyst) to form…
A

Acidic solutions
Carbon dioxide
Esters

50
Q

Why a carboxylic acids weak?

A

They do not fully ionise in water

51
Q

What do alcohols and carboxylic acids react together to form?

A

Esters

52
Q

Which functional group do esters contain?

A

-COO

53
Q

Which ester is formed on the reaction of ethanol and ethanoic acid?

A

Ethyl ethanoate

54
Q

What are esters?

A

Volatile compounds- they have a low boiling point

55
Q

What is distinctive about esters?

A

They have distinctive smells so are used in perfume and as flavourings in food.

Chemistry Paper 2 (3 decks)

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