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igcse chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar properties

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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

atom/group of atoms that gives an organic compound its particular chemical properties (e.g. -OH, -COOH)

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3
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula that can be straight-chained or branched

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

hydrocarbon contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

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6
Q

Prefixes of 1-4 carbon atoms

A

meth, eth, prop, but

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7
Q

Name the three fuels

A

coal, natural gas, petroleum

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8
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas?

A

methane

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9
Q

What is petroleum?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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10
Q

How is petroleum separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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11
Q

Name the eight fractions of petroleum

A

refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating fraction, bitumen

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12
Q

What is the use of refinery gas?

A

Bottled gas for heating and cooking

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13
Q

What is the use of gasoline?

A

Petrol in cars

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14
Q

What is the use of naphtha?

A

Making chemicals

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15
Q

What is the use of kerosene/paraffin?

A

Jet fuel

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16
Q

What is the use of diesel oil?

A

Fuel in diesel engines

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17
Q

What is the use of fuel oil?

A

Fuel for ships and home heating systems

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18
Q

What is the use of lubricating fraction?

A

Lubricants, waxes and polishes

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19
Q

What is the use of bitumen?

A

Making roads

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20
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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21
Q

Describe the bonding in alkanes

A

Molecules contain only single bonds between carbon atoms in the chain

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22
Q

Describe the trend in boiling points for alkanes

A

Carbon chain gets longer, boiling points increase

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23
Q

What are the conditions for alkanes to react with chlorine?

A

Sunlight/light

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24
Q

What happens during a chlorine/alkane reaction?

A

A chlorine atom replaces a hydrogen atom

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25
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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26
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C bond

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27
Q

What is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction, in which an alkene is produced from an alkane

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28
Q

What are the conditions of cracking?

A

Catalyst (aluminium oxide + silicon (IV) oxide), high temperature

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29
Q

What happens to the molecules during cracking?

A

Large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down to smaller ones and alkenes

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30
Q

What are two differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Double bond difference, reaction in bromine water (red/orange vs colourless)

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31
Q

What is a polymer

A

large molecules built up from monomers

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32
Q

How is polythene produced?

A

Addition polymerization

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33
Q

What happens during the addition polymerization of polythene?

A

Double bond splits and polymer is formed

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34
Q

What do alkenes form when they react with steam under heat, pressure and a catalyst?

A

Alcohol

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35
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1 OH

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36
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

OH

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37
Q

What are the two ways alcohol is manufactured?

A

Fermentation & Catalytic addition of steam to ethene

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38
Q

Describe the process of fermentation (3)

A
  1. Enzymes in yeast break down glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, giving out heat
    a) Can be done with substances that contain cellulose, starch or glucose
    b) Done by grinding source (e.g. grapes) and adding enzymes to break down cellulose and starch into glucose.
  2. Leave it to ferment.
  3. Fractional distillation is used to get ethanol from the mixture
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39
Q

How is ethanol separated from the mixture during fermentation?

A

Fractional distillation

40
Q

Describe the process of catalytic addition to steam and ethene + conditions (3)

A
  1. Ethene is obtained by cracking long-chain alkanes from oil
  2. The ethene reacts with steam (reversibly) in the following conditions:
    - 570°C
    - 60-70atm
    - Catalyst = phosphoric acid
  3. Low temperature gives a better yield, but high temperature is used to give a better rate of reaction
41
Q

What is the temperature needed in catalytic addition to steam and ethene?

42
Q

What is the pressure needed in catalytic addition to steam and ethene?

43
Q

What is the catalyst needed in catalytic addition to steam and ethene?

A

Phosphoric acid

44
Q

What are two advantages of fermentation?

A

Renewable source

Good use of waste organic material

45
Q

What are two disadvantages of fermentation?

A

Fractional distillation expensive

Slow process

46
Q

What are two advantages of catalytic addition to steam and ethene?

A

Fast, continuous process

Ethanol is pure

47
Q

What are two disadvantages of catalytic addition to steam and ethene?

A

Oil is a non-renewable resource

Lots of energy required to get conditions

48
Q

Describe the burning of ethanol

A

Ethanol burns well in oxygen, giving out heat, carbon dioxide and water

49
Q

Two uses of ethanol

A

Solvent and fuel

50
Q

Why is ethanol used as a solvent?

A

to dissolve things than water cannot. Evaporates easily, so used as solvent in glues, printing inks & perfumes

51
Q

Why is ethanol used as a fuel?

A

added to or instead of petrol, because it burns cleanly

52
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

53
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

54
Q

What are the properties of ethanoic acid?

A

Weak acid with high pH and low dissociation

55
Q

How is ethanoic acid formed? (2)

A

Oxidation of ethanol:

  • in air
  • by fermentation with acidified potassium permanganate
56
Q

What monomers react together in esterification?

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol

57
Q

What are the products of esterification?

A

Ester + water

58
Q

What does esterification happen in the presence of?

A

Catalyst (e.g. sulfuric acid)

59
Q

Esterification is ____ reaction

A

reversible

60
Q

Formation of ethyl ethanoate

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌ ethyl ethanoate + water

61
Q

What are polymers?

A

large molecules built up from small units (monomers)

62
Q

What are some uses of poly(ethene)?

A

plastic bags, gloves, bowls, dustbins

63
Q

What are some uses of poly(propene)

A

crates, ropes

64
Q

What are some uses of polyvinylchloride (PVC)

A

rainwater pipes, gutters, insulation around electrical wires

65
Q

What are some uses of nylon?

A

ropes, clothes, fishing nets

66
Q

What are some uses of terylene?

67
Q

What monomers are addition polymers made of?

A

Unsaturated monomers (such as alkenes)

68
Q

What reaction produces condensation polymers?

A

condensation reaction

69
Q

What monomers are condensation polymers made of?

A

molecules of two monomers usually used

70
Q

What monomers are addition polymers made of?

A

usually many molecules of a single monomer

71
Q

What reaction produces addition polymers?

A

an addition reaction

72
Q

What happens during an addition reaction?

A

monomers join together by opening the C=C double bond

73
Q

What product(s) are formed from an addition reaction?

A

only a single product – the polymer

74
Q

What product(s) are formed from a condensation reaction?

A

two products – the polymer plus water (by product)

75
Q

How reactive are addition polymers to acids?

A

resistant to acids

76
Q

How reactive are condensation polymers to acids?

A

hydrolysed by acids

77
Q

Are addition polymers biodegradable/non-biodegradable?

A

non-biodegradable

78
Q

Are condensation polymers biodegradable/non-biodegradable?

A

biodegradable

79
Q

What reaction produces polyesters and polyamides?

A

condensation reaction

80
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

Monomers join to form a polymer and a small molecule is eliminated

81
Q

Is nylon a polyamide/polyester?

82
Q

What are the monomers that form polyamides?

A

carboxylic acids + amines

83
Q

What type of linkage do polyamides have + draw the linkage

A

amine linkage (C=O-N-H)

84
Q

What is the functional group of an amine compound?

85
Q

Describe the bond forming in the production of polyamides? (Double bonds/Single bonds breaking/forming)

A

No double bonds break, instead single bonds break, and new single bonds form

86
Q

What is eliminated in the formation of polyamides?

A

hydrogen chloride

87
Q

What is formed as a by-product in the formation of polyamides?

88
Q

Draw the structure of nylon

A

C-N-H and N-H-C alternating (C with double bonds)

89
Q

Is terylene a polyamide/polyester?

90
Q

What are the monomers that form polyesters?

A

carboxylic acids + alcohols

91
Q

What type of linkage do polyesters have + draw the linkage

A

Ester linkage (C=O-O)

92
Q

What molecule is eliminated in the formation of polyesters?

A

water molecule

93
Q

Draw the structure of terylene

A

C-O and O-C alternating (C with double bonds)

94
Q

What is a hydrogenation reaction?

A

The addition of hydrogen to a compound - reacts with alkenes to form alkanes

95
Q

What are the conditions required for a hydrogenation reaction occur?

A

60 degrees C

nickel catalyst

96
Q

What happens to the bonding in hydrogenation reactions?

A

Alkene double bonds break down to single bonds

97
Q

What are three common addition reactions?

A

The reaction of alkenes with bromine
Hydrogenation
Steam reacts with alkenes to form alcohols

igcse chemistry (14 decks)

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