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Chemistry Year 11 Content > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A non-renewable resource (finite) formed from the fossilised remains of ancient plankton.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrocarbons with short chains?

A

Lower boiling points.
Lower viscosity.
More flammable.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrocarbons with longer chains?

A

Higher boiling points
Higher viscosity.
Less flammable.

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4
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of different…

A

…compounds that aren’t chemically combined.

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5
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms which differ in size, causing different properties.

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6
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

Rocks.

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7
Q

What features of alkanes make them useful fuels?

A

Burn well and are quite unreactive.

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8
Q

What are alkanes?

A

They are saturated hydrocarbons where each carbon atoms is bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

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9
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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10
Q

Why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Only contain single bonds with other atoms.

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11
Q

What are the smallest hydrocarbons?

A

Methane, ethene, propane and butane.

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12
Q

Most compounds in crude oil are ________ and most of these molecules are _____.

A

Hydrocarbons,

Alkanes.

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13
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

The process of separating crude oil (using their different boiling points) into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms. The groups are called ‘fractions’.

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14
Q

Describe the evaporation process of fractional distillation:

A

Crude oil is heated until it evaporates.

Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and rises upwards.

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15
Q

Describe the condensation process of fractional distillation.

A

The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column.
Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are collected as liquids. Shorter-chain hydrocarbons condense at the top of the column where the temperatures are lower.

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16
Q

What do fractions processed after fractional distillation used for?

A

Fuels (petrol, diesel).

Petrochemical industry can use these as feedstock for making solvents, detergents, lubricants etc.

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17
Q

Why are there many organic (carbon-containing) compounds?

A

Because carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds. These groups are called homologous series.

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18
Q

Name an example of a homologous series:

A

Alkanes are a family of similar compounds.

They all have the same general formula (CnH(2n+2)) and, consequently, they have similar properties.

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19
Q

The equations for the combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons depend on the…

A

…amount of oxygen that is available.

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20
Q

If alkanes are burned without enough oxygen, what can be created?

A

Carbon monoxide 2C +O2 –> 2CO

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21
Q

What is carbon dioxide?

A

A colourless, odourless toxic gas.

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22
Q

The combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons when there is good air supply involve:

A

Energy release.

The oxidisation of both carbon and hydrogen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

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23
Q

Heavy fractions of crude oil do not make good fuels because;

A

They do not ignite easily.
Have low volatility.
Have high boiling points.

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24
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process that breaks down long-chain (large) hydrocarbons into shorter-chain (smaller), more useful molecules.

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25
Q

Cracking is an example of…

A

…a thermal decomposition reaction.

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26
Q

Cracking can be done by:

A

Catalytic cracking.

Steam cracking.

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27
Q

What is the process of catalytic cracking?

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over a hot catalyst. The products include alkanes and alkenes.
Hexane –> butane + ethene.

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28
Q

What is the process of steam cracking?

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are mixed with steam in high temperature environments. The products include alkanes and alkenes.
Decane –> octane + ethene.

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29
Q

What are the uses of alkenes?

A

Being combined to make polymers and starting materials for chemicals like ethanol.

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30
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms that determine (decide) how an organic compound will react.

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31
Q

The functional group of alkenes is…

A

…C=C (a carbon-carbon double bond).

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32
Q

Addition reactions are…

A

…normal for alkane.

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33
Q

What happens in addition reactions for alkenes.

A

In these reactions, the carbon-carbon double bond opens up and allows new atoms to bond to the carbons.

34
Q

What can be added to an alkene to make an alcohol?

A

In the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst, water, in the form of steam can be added to an alkene to give an alcohol.

35
Q

Describe hydrogenation:

A

Alkenes and hydrogen
In the presence of a nickel catalyst, hydrogen can be added to an alkene to give an alkane.
E.g. ethene (C2H4) + hydrogen (H2) → ethane (C2H6).

36
Q

Describe a method of distinguishing between alkanes and alkenes:

A

Alkenes, unlike alkanes, will react when shaken with bromine water.

37
Q

Describe the reaction between alkenes and bromine water (halogen):

A

Causes the solution to turn from an orange-brown colour to colourless.
ethene + bromine –> dibromoethane (colourless)

38
Q

How do alkenes react with oxygen?

A

React in combustion reactions. React in a similar way to other hydrocarbons.

39
Q

Why do alkene + oxygen reactions produce smoky flames?

A

Because their combustion is incomplete.

40
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

(-OH) a hydroxyl group.

41
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

42
Q

What is the formula for methanol?

A

CH3OH

43
Q

What is the formula for ethanol?

A

CH3CH2OH

44
Q

What is the formula for propanol?

A

CH3CH2CH2OH

45
Q

What is the formula for butanol?

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

46
Q

Alcohols + sodium =

A

Hydrogen.

47
Q

Alcohols + water =

A

Dissolve to make neutral solutions.

48
Q

Alcohols + strong oxidising agents =

A

A carboxylic acid.

49
Q

Alcohols + air + heat =

A

Carbon dioxide + water

50
Q

What is the equation for the complete combustion of methanol?

A

2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

51
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Fermentation is a common method for producing ethanol. Ethanol is a key component (part) of alcoholic drinks.

52
Q

Describe the process of fermentation:

A

Adding yeast to a sugar solution = an aqueous solution of ethanol + carbon dioxide.

53
Q

What are the ideal conditions for the fermentation of sugar and yeast?

A

Temp of 37 degrees.
Slightly acidic solution.
Anaerobic.

54
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group.

55
Q

What functional group do carboxylic acids have?

A

A carboxyl group (-COOH)

56
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

A

Partially ionise in water (they are weak acids).
Functional group (-COOH)
General formula: CnH2n+1COOH.

57
Q

Name the 4 smallest carboxylic acids and their formulas.

A

Methanoic acid - HCOOH
Ethanoic acid - CH3COOH
Propanoic acid - CH3CH2COOH
Butanoic acid - CH3CH2CH2COOH

58
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol = (using an acid catalyst)

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate + water.

ester and water

59
Q

Carboxylic acid + water =

A

(dissolve to give) Acidic solutions.

60
Q

Carboxylic + carbonates =

A

Salt + carbon dioxide + water.

61
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Addition polymerisation is the joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer.

62
Q

What are monomers?

A

Alkenes are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.

63
Q

Why are alkenes the monomers used in addition polymerisation?

A

Because alkenes can open up carbon-carbon double bonds to join together.

64
Q

What is a polymer is addition polymerisation?

A

The only product of the reaction (the repeating unit has the exactly same amount of atoms as the monomer.

65
Q

What is the product when ethene monomers undergo addition polymerisation?

A

Poly(ethane) (Add the prefix ‘poly’ and put the monomer in brackets changing the double bond into a single bond.)

66
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Condensation polymerisation describes the joining together of monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger polymers, as well as small molecule by-products (e.g. H2O).

67
Q

How are the simplest condensation polymers produced?

A

The simplest condensation polymers are produced from 2 monomers with 2 of the same functional group on each monomer.

68
Q

Ethanediol + hexanedioic acid →

A

Terylene + water.

69
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are organic compounds that have two different functional groups.

70
Q

What is the functional group of amine groups?

A

(-NH2)

71
Q

Amino acids can be combined by condensation polymerisation to give…

A

Polypeptide + water.

72
Q

Functional groups of amino acids:

A

Carboxyl group and an amine group.

73
Q

How are polypeptides created?

A

Bonds, called peptide links, form between the amine and carboxyl group of amino acids, producing polypeptides.

74
Q

How is a protein formed?

A

When one or more polypeptides become associated, a macromolecule called a protein is formed.

75
Q

Name some proteins that have an important role in living organisms:

A

Enzymes.
Haemoglobin.
Antibodies.

76
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

Transports oxygen in the blood.

77
Q

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Catalyse biological reactions.

78
Q

What are the components of DNA made of?

A

Polymers are made of monomers called nucleotides.

79
Q

Each nucleotide of DNA contains 1 of the 4 nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine.
Thymine.
Cytosine.
Guanine.

80
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix.

81
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

DNA encodes (produces) the genetic instructions used in development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms and viruses.

82
Q

Other naturally occurring polymers (excluding DNA) that are important for life are:

A

Starch and cellulose (sugars are the monomers).

Proteins (amino acids are the monomers).

Chemistry Year 11 Content (9 decks)

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