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Chemistry Paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of a large number of compounds (hydrocarbons). These hydrocarbons are called alkanes

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2
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

MonkeysEatPeanutButter

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4
Q

What happens as the length of a carbon chain changes?

A

The shorter the carbon chain, the more runny the hydro carbon is (less viscous)

It will also be more volatile and will turn into a gas at a lower temperature

The hydrocarbon will be more flammable

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5
Q

What happens in the combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

hydrocarbon+oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

The carbon and hydrogen have been oxidised and energy is released (exothermic reaction)

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6
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated into smaller, more useful fractions.

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7
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

The crude oil is evaporated and its vapours allowed to condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Each fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number or carbon atoms

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8
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down molecules by heating them (thermal decomposition reaction)

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9
Q

How do you crack hydrocarbons?

Catalytic

A

Heat the long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
Then the vapour can be passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
The long chain molecules split apart on the sunscreen of the specks of catalyst

(Catalytic cracking)

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10
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

Vaporise the hydrocarbons, mix them with steam and heat them to a high temperature

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11
Q

What can hydrocarbons be used as in the petrochemical industry?

A

They can be used as feed stock to make new compounds for use in things like polymers, solvents, lubricants etc

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12
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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13
Q

What are alkenes?

A

They are hydrocarbons which have a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain.

E.g C=C

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14
Q

What are the first four alkenes?

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

PeanutButterExtraPeanuts

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15
Q

What can crude oil be used for?

A
  • oil provides fuel for modern transport

- hydrocarbons used to make feedstock to make new compounds

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16
Q

What is a thermal decomposition reaction?

A

Breaking molecules down by heating them. Happens mainly with metal carbonates and so an metal oxide and carbon dioxide is created. Is is an endothermic reaction.

17
Q

What is incomplete combustion of an alkene?

A

CO2 and water are still produced but carbon and carbon monoxide can be produced (poisonous) results in a smoky yellow flame

18
Q

How do you test for a double bond (alkene)?

A

Add orange bromine water to a saturated compound such as an alkane and no reaction will happen. If it’s added to an alkene the bromine will add across the double bind and so the bromine water becomes decolorised

19
Q

What is a polymerisation reaction?

A

When monomers join together and it usually needs high pressure and a catalyst

20
Q

How is an alcohol formed?

A

When an alkene reacts with steam, water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed

21
Q

What is the chemical equation for the conversion of ethene into ethanol (addition reaction)

A

C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) > C2H5OH (g)

22
Q

What is the formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1 OH

23
Q

What are alcohols?

A

They are a homologous series as they all contain an -OH group

24
Q

What happens in the complete combustion of an alcohol?

A

2CH3 OH (l) + 3O2 > 2CO (g) + 4H2O (g)

Prodded carbon dioxide and water as it is flammable

25
Q

What are uses of alcohols?

A
  • used as solvents in industry (methanol+ethanol)
  • used as fuels in spirit burners
  • can be made by fermentation for drinks
26
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Where ethanol is produced for alcoholic drinks

27
Q

How does fermentation work?

A

Uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol.’carbon dioxide is produced and ethanol produced is aqueous

sugar>ethanol+carbon dioxide

28
Q

What temperature does fermentation work best at?

A

37c room temp in a slightly acidic solution and under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

29
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

A homologous series of compounds that all have -COOH as a functional group
-their names end in ‘anoic acid’

30
Q

What are the first four carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

31
Q

How do carboxylic acids react?

A
  • react with carbonates to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide
  • The salt formed will end in ‘anoate’

ethanoic acid+sodium carbonate > sodium ethanoate+water+carbon dioxide

32
Q

What is an ester?

A

Have the functional group -COO and are formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. An acid catalyst is usually used

33
Q

How is an ester created?

A

Alcohol+carboxylic acid > ester +water

34
Q

What are the first four alcohols?

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

35
Q

How is ethyl ethanoate formed?

A

When ethanoic acid and ethanol are reacted together with an acid catalyst

36
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Involves monomers which contain DIFFERENT functional groups.

37
Q

How does condensation polymerisation work?

A
  • Monomers react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains
  • for each new bond formed, a small molecules is lost (eg water)
38
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Only has one monomer type. It only involves one functional group

39
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Polymers formed by amino acids via condensation polymerisation

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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