Organic chemistry

Question 1

radical

Answer 1

a highly reactive species with an unpaired electron

Question 2

heterolytic fission

Answer 2

the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a positive cation and negative anion

Question 3

homolytic fission

Answer 3

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

Question 4

electrophilic addition

Answer 4

an addition reaction in which the first step is attack by an electrophile on a region of high electron density

Question 5

electrophile

Answer 5

an atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron rich centre where it accepts a pair of electrons

Question 6

nucleophile

Answer 6

an atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron deficient carbon atom where it donates a pair of electrons and to form a new covalent bond

Question 7

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 7

a reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron deficient carbon and replaces an atom or group of atoms on it

Question 8

hydrolysis

Answer 8

a reaction involving water or an aqueous solution of a hydroxide that causes the breaking of a bond in a molecule resulting the molecule being split into two products

Question 9

why is there ethanol is hydrolysis haloalkanes

Answer 9

to allow water and ethanol to mix rather than separating into two layers

Question 10

fragmentation

Answer 10

the process in MS that causes a positive ion to split into smaller pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion

Question 11

fragment ion

Answer 11

ion formed from the breakdown of the molecular ion in a mass spectrometer

Question 12

why is there a small peak after M+ peak

Answer 12

this is M+1 peak, because 1.1% of carbon exists as C-13 so small proportion of molecules will have an atom as C-13

Question 13

organic synthesis

Answer 13

the preparation of complex molecules from simple starting materials

Question 14

target molecule

Answer 14

describes the compound that a chemist is attempting to prepare by organic synthesis

Question 15

addition reaction

Answer 15

a reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make ONE saturated molecule

Question 16

alicyclic

Answer 16

aliphatic compound with the carbon atoms arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without side chains

Question 17

aliphatic

Answer 17

compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms joined together in unbranched/straight chains or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 18

aromatic

Answer 18

some or all the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring