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Chemistry Year 10 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How is ethanol made

A

Fermentation or hydration of ethane

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2
Q

What raw materials are needed for fermentation and conditions and speed

A

Sugar from plant material , yeast and water. Yeast added to sugar solution and left in 30-40 degrees in the absence of air. Very impure ethanol produced and slow reaction several days for each batch glucose -yeast-= ethanol and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What raw materials are needed for hydration of ethene and pressure and speed and product

A

Ethene and steam more purer than fermentation more efficient process but needs high temperature and high pressure a stream of reactants is passed over the catalyst (phosphoric acid)

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4
Q

What are structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains the maximum possible number of hydrogens for a given number of carbons

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6
Q

Pollutant carbon

A

Formed by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons harmful to tissues and lining of nose lung and threat . Carcinogen

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7
Q

Pollutant carbon monoxide

A

Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Haemoglobin have a greater affinity for carbon monoxide and oxygen and carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood leading to unconsciousness and death

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8
Q

Sulfiric acid

A

Produced by hydrocarbon fuels naturally containing sulfir when they burn sulfur oxidises to sulfur dioxide and dissolves in water vapour of clouds to from sulphuric acid thus makes rain acidic which damages buildings and kills fish

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9
Q

Oxides of nitrogen

A

High temperature combustion of hydrocarbons such as in car engines. Reacts with oxygen leads to acid rain

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10
Q

When will alkanes react with bromine

A

Aren’t very reactive because of 4 strong covalent bonds so will only react with bromine when given energy by uv light and then does substitution reaction where bromine replaces hydrogen

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11
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds containing only carbon and Hydrogen

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12
Q

What is crude oil

A

Fossil fuel , mixture of hydrocarbons, viscous dark coloured, hydrocarbons can be easily separated with the properties unchanged. A mixture is 2 or more elements / compounds that are not chemically combined

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13
Q

How is crude oil separated

A

Fractional distillation. Fractions are groups of compounds with similar boiling points. Crude oil enters at the bottom vapourised by the burner mixture of gases rise until they reach their boiling points and condense and leave the fractional distillation column as a liquid

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14
Q

What happens to boiling points

A

They increase as the molecules get bigger. As does viscosity and ease of ignition and color darkens

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15
Q

Why does boiling point increase as fraction gets bigger

A

Has more intermolecular forces that need to be broken . As fraction size increases so does the strength of the intermolecular forces so more energy is required to overcome the forces

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16
Q

What does incomplete combustion of alkanes lead to

A

Carbon monoxide and water

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17
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of compounds that can be described by a general formula

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18
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

Cn h2n +2

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19
Q

How do boiling points of alkanes increase with carbon chain

A

Length of carbon chain increases boiling point

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20
Q

What alkenes contain and what’s their general formula

A

Cn h2n

Contain one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms

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21
Q

What is cracking

A

Hydrocarbons are heated and passed over a catalyst to break them down due to higher demand for smaller chains of alkanes

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22
Q

Why are large hydrocarbons less useful than short ones

A

Harder to ignite have higher melting and boiling points

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23
Q

What are two forms of cracking

A

Catalytic cracking at low temperatures and pressure uses a catalyst
Mineral wood soaked in paraffin oil is heated and passed through a test tube containing al2o3 passed through dekievery tube and gas of a smaller chain hydrocarbon is produced .the catalyst breaks the bond between the carbons

Thermal cracking
High temperatures and pressure

24
Q

What kind of reaction is cracking

A

Thermal decomposition substance is broken down into smaller substances bubharv

25
Q

Why should the first few bubbles of gas from the cracking not be collected and why is the paraffin heated

A

Because they will contain mostly air that has expanded due to heat.
Parrifin heated to vapoursie and reach its boiling point

26
Q

How do you test for alkenes

A

Bromine gas goes colourless

27
Q

What does cracking produce

A

An Alkene and an alkane

28
Q

How do alkenes combust

A

Produce carbon carbon dioxide and water burn with a smokey flame and do incomplete combustion

29
Q

What is a polymer

A

A long chain of small molecules called monomers covalently bonded together formed by addition polymerisation of alkenes

30
Q

What is general formula of alchohols

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

31
Q

Meth

A

1

32
Q

Eth

A

2

33
Q

Prop

A

3

34
Q

But

A

4

35
Q

Pent

A

5

36
Q

Methyl

A

CH3 side chain

37
Q

Ethyl

A

CH3 CH2 side chain

38
Q

Why do boiling points if alkanes increase

A

Intermolecular forces get bigger as molecule gets bigger meaning more energy is needed to break the bonds

39
Q

How do alkenes react with bromine

A

Addition reaction . Double breaks and bromine replaces the empty gaps and goes colourless

40
Q

Why is it impossible to make pure alcohol by fermentation

A

Yeast is killed by it

41
Q

What is dehydration of ethanol

A

Produces ethene . Mineral wool soaked in ethanol passed through Test tube with alumninuk oxide and is heated . Ethene collects at the end of delivery tube. Ethanol vapour is passed over hot aluminium oxide

42
Q

What products condense first in the distialktor

A

Ines with higher boiling points

43
Q

What are refinery gases

A

Not cold enough for them to condense mixture of methane, ethane and propane used as liquefied petroleum has for domestic heating and cooking

44
Q

Gasoline (petrol

A

At around 50 degrees condenses. Mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points is used as fuel

45
Q

Kerosine

A

Boils at 190 used as fuel for jet air craft and domestic heating oil and paraffin

46
Q

Diesel

A

250 degrees. Used for buses lorries some cars and some is cracked to produce more petrol

47
Q

Fuel oil

A

330 used for ships boilers and industrial heating

48
Q

Bitumen

A

Hydrocarbons that aren’t hot enough to boil remain as liquid and is a thick black material meted and mixed with rock chips to make the top surface of roads

49
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive

A

Contain a carbon double bond which is weak

50
Q

How does polymerisation work

A

Part of the carbon double bond is broken and the electrons in it join to neighbouring molecules . It happens at high pressure and temperatures with an initatiator .

51
Q

What is poly ethene

A

Low density poly ethene is used as a thin film to make polythene bags as its flexible and not string

52
Q

What is polypropne

A

Made of propene stronger than polythene used to make ropes and crates

53
Q

What is poly chloroethene

A

Ethene molecule one hydrogen is replaced by a chlorrine. Polymerised to create PVC its string and ridgid used to make drainpipes and electrical insulation

54
Q

How do you make nylon

A

Condensation reaction where each time two monomers combine a small molecule is lost .
A loss of water is formed . Nylon is formed by dicarboxylic acids and diamine

55
Q

What’s nylon used for

A

Textiles fibres used in ropes

Chemistry Year 10 (4 decks)

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